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The  Institute  as  a  body  is  not  responsible  eitlver  for  the' statements  made  or  for 
Ijhe  opinions  expressed  by  Autlwrs  of  Papers  &c. 


NO  3 


Session  1893-94 


jTOUBNAL 

OF    THE 

ROYAL  COLONIAL  INSTITUTE 

(EDITED   BY   THE    SECRETARY) 


10 


o  . 


CONTENTS 


Part  III.- 


Vol.  XXV. 


D LECTION  OF  FELLOWS 
THE  AUSTRALIAN  OUTLOOK."     By  Miss  FLORA  L.  SHAW 
ISCUSSION 

NOTICES  OF  NEW  BOOKS  ..... 
DONATIONS  TO  THE  LIBRARY  ..... 
NOTICES  TO  FELLOWS  :— 

(a)  LIBRARY  DESIDERATA      .... 

(b)  PARLIAMENTARY  PUBLICATIONS 

(c)  APPOINTMENTS  TO  THE  COUNCIL,  &c. 

(d)  ARRANGEMENTS  FOR  THE  SESSION  . 

(e)  USE  OF  COUNCIL  BOOM  FOR  CONFERENCES 
(/)  LATE  OPENING  OF  THE  INSTITUTE 

(g)  INFORMAL  SOCIAL  MEETINGS 

(h)  CHANGES  OF  ADDRESS     .... 

(i)   COLONIAL  NEWSPAPERS  AT  THE  BRITISH   MUSEUM 


224 
225 
244 
253 
267 

271 

276 

277 
277 
277 
278 
278 
278 
278 


FEBRUARY     1894 


THE   INSTITUTE,  NORTHUMBEELAND  AVENUE,  LONDON 

ALL    RIGHTS    RESERVED 


Price  Sixpence 


EOYAL  COLONIAL  INSTITUTE, 

NORTHUMBERLAND  AVENUE,   LONDON,  W.C. 
Founded  1868.        Incorporated   by  Royal   Charter  1882. 


E.R.H.   THE   PRINCE   OP   WALES,  E.G.,  &c. 

Wce*lp  residents. 


H.R.H.  PKINCE  CHRISTIAN,  E.G. 

The  DUKE  OF  ARGYLL,  E.G.,  K.T. 

The  DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE,  E.G. 

The  MARQUIS  OP  DUFPERIN  AND  AVA,  E.P. 

The  MARQUIS  OF  LORNE,  E.T.,  G.C.M.G. 

The  EARL  OF  ABERDEEN. 

The  EARL  OF  ALBEMARLE,  E.C.M.G. 

The  EARL  OP  CRANBROOK,  G.C.S.I. 

The  EARL  OF  DUNRAVEN,  E.P. 

The  EARL  OP  ROSEBERY,  E.G. 


VISCOUNT  MONCK,  G.C.M.G. 

LORD  BRASSEY,  E.C.B. 

LORD  CARLINGFORD,  E.P. 

Rt.  Hon.  HUGH  C.  E.  CHILDERS,  F.R.8. 

Sir  CHARLES  NICHOLSON,  Bart. 

Sir  HENRY  BARKLY,  G.C.M.G.,  E.C.B. 

Sir  HENRY  E.  G.  BULWER,  G.C.M.G. 

General  Sir  H.  C.  B.  DAUBENEY,  G.C.B. 

Sir  JAMES  A.  YOUL,  E.C.M.G. 

Sir  FREDERICK  YOUNG,  E.C.M.G. 


Council, 


F.  H.  DANGAR,  Esq. 

FREDERICK  DUTTON,  Esq. 

C.  WASHINGTON  EVES,  Esq.,  C.M.G. 

W.  MAYNARD  FARMER,  Esq. 

Major-Gen.  Sir  HENRY  GREEN,  E.C.S.I.,  C.B. 

T.  MORGAN  HARVEY,  Esq. 

Sir  ROBERT  G.  W.  HERBERT,  G.C.B. 

Sir  ARTHUR  HODGSON,  E.C.M.G. 

R.  J.  JEFPRAY,  Esq. 

Lt.-Gen.  Sir  W.  F.  D.  JERVOIS,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B. 

H.  J.  JOURDAIN,  Esq.,  C.M.G. 

WILLIAM  EESWICK,  Esq. 


F.  P.  DE  LABILLIERE,  Esq. 

Lieut.-General  R.  W.  LOWRY,  C.B. 

NEVILE  LUBBOCK,  Esq. 

GEORGE  S.  MACKENZIE,  Esq. 

Sir  CHARLES  MILLS,  E.C.M.G.,  C.B. 

J.  R.  MOSSE,  Esq. 

PETER  REDPATH,  Esq. 

Sir  SAUL  SAMUEL,  E.C.M.G.,  C.B. 

Sir  FRANCIS  VILLENEUVE  SMITH. 

Sir  CHARLES  E.  F.  STIRLING,  Bart. 

Sir  CHARLES  TUPPER,  Bart,,  G.C.M.G.,  CJB. 


Ifoonorarg  treasurer, 

Sir  MONTAGU  F.  OMMANNEY,  E.C.M.G. 


Secretary. 

J.  S.   O'HALLORAN. 


Xibrarian. 

JAMES  R.  BOOSE. 


Cbfcf  Clerh. 

WILLIAM  CHAMBERLAIN. 


LONDON  &  WESTMINSTER  BANK,  1  St.  James's  Square,  S.W. 

Ibonorarg  Corresponding  Secretaries. 

British  Guiana  :  G.  H.  HAWTAYNE,  Esq.,  C.M.G.,  Georgetown.  British  Honduras:  Hon. 
J.  H.  PHILLIPS,  C. M.G.,  M.E.C.,  Belize.  Canada :  C.  J.  CAMPBELL,  Esq.,  Toronto ;  SANDFORD 
FLEMING,  Esq.,  C.M.G.,  Ottawa;  Very  Rev.  Principal  G.  M.  GRANT,  M.A.,  D.D.,  Eingston; 
GEORGE  HAGUE,  Esq.,  Montreal;  ERNEST  B.  C.  HANINGTON,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Victoria, 
British  Columbia;  THOMAS  ROBINSON,  Esq.,  Winnipeg;  GEORGE  STEWART,  Jun.,  Esq., 
D.C.L.,  Quebec.  Cape  Colony:  HERBERT  T.  TAMPLIN,  Esq.,  M.L.A.,  Grahamstown;  C.  M. 
BULT,  Esq.,  J.P.,  Eimberley ;  HENRY  B.  CHRISTIAN,  Esq.,  Port  Elizabeth ;  JOHN  NOBLE, 
Esq.,  Cape  Town.  Ceylon :  J.  FERGUSON,  Esq.,  Colombo.  Hong  Kong :  Hon.  Mr.  Justice 
E.  J.  ACKROYD.  Jamaica  :  Hon.  C.  S.  FARQUHARSON,  M.L.C.,  Savanna-la-Mar.  Leeward 
Islands:  Hon.  W.  H.  WHYHAM,  M.L.C., Antigua.  Malta:  Hon.  Count  STRICKLAND  DELLA 
CATENA,  C.M.G.  Mashonaland:  A.  H.  F.  DUNCAN,  Esq.,  Salisbury.  Mauritius:  A. 
DE  BOUCHERVILLE,  Esq.,  Port  Louis.  Natal:  JOHN  GOODLIFFE,  Esq.,  Durban.  Nen 
South  Wales:  W.  L.  DOCKER,  Esq.,  Sydney.  New  Zealand  :  JAMES  ALLEN,  Esq.,  M.H.R., 
Dunedin ;  GEORGE  BEETHAM,  Esq.,  Wellington ;  Hon.  C.  C.  BOVVEN,  M.L.C.,  Middleton, 
Christchurch ;  DOUGLAS  MCLEAN,  Esq.,  Napier;  READER  G.  WOOD,  Esq.,  Auckland. 
Queensland :  Hon.  WALTER  H.  WILSON,  M.L.C.,  Brisbane.  Sierra  Leone  :  T.  J.  ALLDRIDGE, 
Esq.,  Sherbro'.  South  Australia:  GEORGE  W.  HAWKES,  Esq.,  J.P.,  Adelaide.  Straiti 
Settlements  :  A.  P.  TALBOT,  Esq.,  Singapore.  Tasmania :  Hon.  N.  E.  LEWIS,  M.H.A., 
Hobart.  Trinidad'.  Hon.  H.  W.  CHANTRELL.  Victoria:  BENJAMIN  COWDEROY,  Esq., 
Melbourne.  Western  Australia :  Hon.  JAMES  MORRISON,  M.L.C.,  J.P.,  Guiklford. 


OBJECTS  OF  THE  ROYAL  COLONIAL  INSTITUTE. 

"To  provide  a  place  of  meeting  for  all  gentlemen  connected  with  the 
Colonies  and  British  India,  and  others  taking  an  interest  in  Colonial  and 
Indian  affairs ;  to  establish  a  Beading  Koom  and  Library,  in  which  recent  and 
authentic  intelligence  upon  Colonial  and  Indian  subjects  may  be  constantly 
available,  and  a  Museum  for  the  collection  and  exhibition  of  Colonial  and 
Indian  productions ;  to  facilitate  interchange  of  experiences  amongst  persons 
representing  all  the  Dependencies  of  Great  Britain  ;  to  afford  opportunities  for 
the  reading  of  Papers,  and  for  holding  Discussions  upon  Colonial  and  Indian 
subjects  generally ;  and  to  undertake  scientific,  literary,  and  statistical  investi- 
gations in  connection  with  the  British  Empire.  But  no  Paper  shall  be  read, 
or  any  discussion  be  permitted  to  take  place,  tending  to  give  to  the  Institute  a 
party  character."  (Eule  I.) 

There  are  two  classes  of  Fellows  (who  must  be  British  subjects),  Kesident 
and  Non-Besident,  both  elected  by  the  Council  on  the  nomination  of  two 
Fellows,  one  of  whom  at  least  must  sign  on  personal  knowledge.  The  former 
pay  an  entrance  fee  of  £3,  and  an  annual  subscription  of  £2 ;  the  latter  an 
entrance  fee  of  £1  Is.,  and  an  annual  subscription  of  £1  Is.  (which  is  increased 
to  £2  when  in  the  United  Kingdom  for  three  months).  Besident  Fellows  can 
compound  for  the  annual  subscription  by  the  payment  of  £20,  or,  after  five 
years'  annual  subscription  of  £2,  on  payment  of  £15  ;  and  Non-Besident  Fellows 
can  compound  for  the  Non-Resident  annual  subscription  on  payment  of  £10. 

The  privileges  of  Fellows  whose  subscriptions  are  not  in  arrear  include  the 
use  of  the  Institute  building,  which  comprises  Beading,  Writing,  and  Smoking 
Booms,  Library,  Newspaper  Boom,  &c.  All  Fellows,  whether  residing  in 
England  or  the  Colonies,  have  the  Journal  and  the  annual  volume  of  Pro- 
ceedings forwarded  to  them.  Fellows  are  entitled  to  be  present  at  the  Evening 
Meetings,  and  to  introduce  one  visitor ;  to  be  present  at  the  Annual  Conver- 
sazione, and  to  introduce  a  lady. 


JOURNAL  OF  THE    ROYAL   COLONIAL   INSTITUTE. 

THE  Journal  of  the  Boyal  Colonial  Institute  is  an  official  record  of  the  trans- 
actions of  the  Institute,  published  on  the  first  of  each  month  from  December 
to  July  inclusive,  in  advance  of  and  in  addition  to  the  annual  volume  of  Pro- 
ceedings, and  contains  reports  of  Papers  and  discussions,  elections  of  Fellows, 
donations  to  the  Library,  notices  of  new  books  presented  to  the  Library,  and 
official  announcements  of  the  Institute. 

The  Journal  is  sent  to  each  Fellow,  thus  assuring  a  circulation  throughout 
the  British  Empire  of  nearly  4,000  copies  a  month,  or  32,000  copies  a  year. 

A  limited  number  of  suitable  advertisements  will  be  accepted  at  the  following 
Scale  of  charges,  payable  in  advance : — 

£    s.    d. 
For  each  insertion,  One  Page 400 

„  „  Half  Page 250 

n  »  Quarter  Page         .        .        .        .150 

„  „  One-eighth  Page  or  less         .  0  12    6 

VOL.  XXV. — 8.  S 


THE  COLONIAL  COLLEGE 


AND 


TRAINING  FARMS  (LIMITED), 

HOLLESLEY   BAY,    SUFFOLK. 


T710UNDED  in  January  1887,  under  the  auspices  of  Agents -General 
for  the  Colonies,  leading  Members  of  the  Eoyal  Colonial  Institute, 
the   Head-Masters   of  Eton,  Westminster,    Shrewsbury,   Marlborough, 
Clifton,  Haileybury,  &c. 

The  College  provides  for  those  intending  to  Emigrate  such  Practical 
Training  as  will  test  their  fitness  and  qualify  them  for  Colonial  Life. 

It  is  situated  on  its  own  estate  in  a  fine  and  very  healthy  position  on 
the  Sea-coast. 

Farms  of  over  1,800  acres  are  carried  on  by  the  College,  for  the 
instruction  of  its  Students,  who  thus  have  unrivalled  facilities  for 
becoming  practically,  as  well  as  theoretically,  acquainted  with  all 
branches  of  Agriculture,  and  with  Horse,  Cattle,  and  Sheep  Breeding, 
&c.,  on  a  large  scale. 

Instruction  is  also  given  in  Dairying,  Veterinary  Science  and  Practice, 
Chemistry,  Geology  and  Mineralogy,  Forestry,  Horticulture,  Land  Sur- 
veying and  Building  Construction,  Book-keeping,  Engineer's,  Smith's, 
Carpenter's,  Wheelwright's,  and  Harnessmaker's  Work,  Biding,  Ambu- 
lance, and  various  other  subjects  necessary  to  the  Young  Colonist. 

Many  Students  of  the  College  are  settled  in  almost  every  part  of  the 
Empire,  with  whom,  as  well  as  with  other  trustworthy  Correspondents 
able  to  render  valuable  assistance  to  new-comers,  regular  communication 
is  kept  up. 

The  work  of  the  Institution  has  been  periodically  recognised  as  of 
great  value  by  Statesmen  of  the  highest  rank  at  home  and  in  the  Colonies. 

Prospectus  may  be  obtained  from  the  Resident  Director. 


Apollinaris 


'THE  QUEEN  OF  TABLE  WATERS." 

Attempts  are  frequently  made  to  serve 
as,  or  to  substitute  for,  Apollinaris  other 
waters  when  Apollinaris  is  ordered. 

Visitors  at  Hotels  and  Restaurants,  who 
are  thus  unable,  or  who  find  it  difficult  to 
obtain  Apollinaris  Natural  Mineral  Water, 
will  confer  a  great  favour  in  communicating 
with  the  Apollinaris  Company,  Limited, 
1 9  Regent  Street,  London,  S.  W. 


Apollinaris 

"THE  QUEEN   OF  TABLE  WATERS." 

Attempts  are  frequently  made  to  serve 
as,  or  to  substitute  for,  Apollinaris  other 
waters  when  Apollinaris  is  ordered. 

Visitors  at  Hotels  and  Restaurants,  who 
are  tktis  unable,  or  who  find  it  difficult  to 
obtain  Apollinaris  Natural  Mineral  Water, 
will  confer  a  great  favour  in  communicating 
with  the  Apollinaris  Company,  Limited, 
1 9  Regent  Street,  London^  S.  W. 


JOURNAL 


OP     TUB 


ROYAL   COLONIAL   INSTITUTE, 

No.  3.     SESSION    1893-94. 

FEBRUARY  1894. 


All  communications  to  be  addressed  to  the  Secretary,  Royal  Colonial  Institute, 
Northumberland  Avenue,  London. 


PROCEEDINGS. 


THIRD  ORDINARY  GENERAL   MEETING. 

THE  Third  Ordinary  General  Meeting  of  the  Session  was  held  at 
the  Whitehall  Rooms,  Hotel  Metropole,  on  Tuesday,  January  9, 
1894,  when  Miss  Flora  L.  Shaw  read  a  Paper  on  "  The  Australian 
Outlook." 

Sir  Frederick  Young,  K.C.M.G.,  a  Vice-President  of  the  Institute, 
presided. 

Amongst  those  present  were  the  following  : — 

MESSRS.  W.  F.  AITKEN,  J.  W.  ALEXANDER,  W.  H.  ANDERSON,  CAPT.  AND  MRS. 
W.  ASHBY,  MR.  J.  E.  ASHTON,  MR.  AND  MRS.  A.  C.  ATKINSON,  P.  BAGENAL, 
A.  HELD  BAIRD,  MESSRS.  A.  BARRETT,  C.  T.  BARTLETT,  MR.  AND  MRS.  H.  H. 
BEAUCHAMP,  MR.  GEORGE  BEETHAM,  MRS.  MOBERLEY  BELL,  MR.  W.  BERKELEY, 
Miss  BERNARD,  MR.  AND  MRS.  C.  BETHELL,  MR.  AND  MRS.  H.  F.  BILLINGHURST, 
MESSRS.  M.  HUME  BLACK,  J.  B.  BOURNE,  E.  W.  BOURNE,  STEPHEN  BOURNE,  E. 

BOWLEY,  Mil.  AND  MRS.  H.  BRANDON,  MlSS  AND  MlSS  F.  BRANDON,  THE  El.  EEV.  THE 

BIRHOP  OP  BRISBANE,  MR.  AND  MRS.  L.  W.  BRISTOWE,  Miss  E.  BRISTOWE,  MESSRS. 
H.  BROOKS,  ALFRED  BROWN,  A.  M.  BROWN,  M.D.,  OSWALD  BROWN,  E.  M.  BROWN, 
ALEX.  BRUCE,  C.  S.  CAMPBELL- JOHNSTON,  C.  CANTOR,  Miss  CHANDLER,  MR.  AND 
MRS.  H.  CHAPLIN,  MR.  E.  CHAPMAN,  EEV.  J.  CHATAWAY,  MR.  AND  MRS.  J.  M. 
CLARK,  LT.-GEN.  SIR  ANDREW  CLARKE,  E.E.,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  MR.  AND  MRS. 
E.  B.  B.  CLAYTON,  MESSRS.  A.  B.  COBB,  B.  D.  COHEN,  Miss  COLE,  MESSRS.  G.  E, 

COLEBROOK,  "NY,  M,  COLEBEOOK,  NATHANIEL  CORK,  MB,  AND  MRS.  G.  COWIE, 


224  Third  Ordinary  General  Meeting* 

MESSRS.  G.  J.  COWIE,  J.  T.  CRITCHELL,  Miss   CROFT,   Miss   M.   CROFT,  CAPT. 
CRUTCHLEY,   B.N.B.,   MRS.   CRUTCHLEY,   MESSRS.  W.   S.  CUFF,  C.  E.  CULLEN, 

B.  T.  CURLING,  MR.  AND  MRS.  T.  HARRISON  DAVIS,   MESSRS.  BANKINE  DAWSON, 
F.  DEBENHAM,  C.  S.  DICKEN,  C.M.G.,  THOS.  DOUGLAS,  DRAKE,  J.  S.  DUNCAN,  F.  M. 

DUTTON,  MR.  AND  MRS.  FREDERICK  DUTTON,  C.    W.    EARLE,     MllS.    EDMONDS,    MR. 

STANLEY  EDWARDS,  LT.-GEN.  SIR  J.  BEVAN  EDWARDS,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  MESSRS.  E. 

C.  ERBSLOH,  J.  EWART,  M«.  AND  MRS.  W.  FAIRCLOUGH,   MR.  A.  AND  Miss  FELL, 
Miss  L.  FELL,  MR.  AND  MRS.  JOHN  FERGUSON,  Miss  FERGUSON,  MESSRS.  J.  M. 
FISHER,   SANDFORD  FLEMING,  C.M.G.,  LADY  MALCOLM  FRASER,   MESSRS.   W.  A. 
FYFFE,  A.  C.  GALE,  SIR  JAMES  F.  GARRTCK,  K.C.M.G.,  LADY  GARRICK,  MR.  D. 
GEORGE,  MR.  AND  MRS.  ADAM  GIELGUD,  MESSRS.  C.  S.  GOLDMANN,  G.  W.  GORDON, 
J.  W.  GORDON,  MRS.  GORDON,  MESSRS.  J.  M.  GRANT,  B.  K.  GRAY,  W.  D.  GRAY, 
W.  S.  SEBRIGHT   GREEN,  CHAS.  GRIFFITH,  W.  G.  HALES,  B.  HALLENSTEIN,  E.  M. 
HALLENSTEIN,  H.  B.  HALSWELL,  H.  C.  HAMILTON,  W.  J.  HANCOCK,  Miss  HAN- 
COCK, MESSRS.  B.  C.  HARE,  J.  K.  HAWTHORN,  B.  W.  E.  HAWTHORN,  COM.  G.  P. 
HEATH,  B.N.,  Miss  AND  Miss  V.  HEATH,  MR.  J.  HENNIKER  HEATON,  M.P.,  CAPT. 
AND  MRS.  G.  N.  HECTOR,  MR.  B.  B.  HEINEKEY,   SIR  BOBERT  G.  W.  HERBERT, 
G.C.B.,  Miss  HEWSON,  MESSRS.  HENRY  HILL,  J.  F.  HOGAN,  M.P.,  MRS.  HOLLIS 
HOPKINS,  MR.  B.  HOVELL,  MR.  AND  MRS.  J.  HUDDART,  MESSRS.  E.  B.  HURLEY, 
J.  HUTCHINSON,  A.  HILL  JACK,  B.  J.  JEFFRAY,  G.  H.  JENNINGS,  S.  JENNINGS,  Miss 

E.  JENNINGS,  MESSRS.  J.  D.  JONES,  B.  H.  JONES,  W.  A.  JONES,  MR.  AND  MRS.  H. 
JOST,  MESSRS.  B.  J.  KELLY,  F.  B.  KENDALL,  MRS.  KENNEAR,  MR.  PAUL  KCENIG,  MR. 
H.  A.  AND  Miss  KROHN,  MR.  AND  MRS.  F.  P.  DE  LABILLIERE,  MESSRS.  F.  B.  LARK,  B. 
M.  LEAKE,  W.  M.  LEAKE,  Miss  A.  M.  LEAKE,  Miss  LEGGE,  MR.  AND  MRS.  G.  COLLINS 
LEVEY,  C.M.G.,  MRS.  LEWIS,  MESSRS.  F.  GRAHAM  LLOYD,  B.  L.  LLOYD,  SURG.- 
GEN.  LOFTHOUSE,  LT.-GEN.  B.  W.  LOWRY,  C.B.,  MR.  J.  L.  AND  Miss  LYELL, 
MESSRS.  W.  B.  LYNE,  J.  J.  MACAN,  MR.  AND  MRS.  M.  MACFIE,  MESSRS.  A.  MAC- 
KENZIE MACKAY,  G.  J.  McCAUL,  G.  G.  MAC  WILLIAM,  G.  MAIN,  A.  M.  MARKS,  W.  B. 
MARKS,  J.  M.  MARSHALL,  MRS.  MASON,  MESSRS.  W.  E.  MARKWICK,  P.  MATTHEWS, 
J.  G.  MAYDON,  W.  B.  MEWBURN,  A.  E.  M.  MOORE,  J.  B.  MOSSE,  J.  T.  MUSGRAVE, 

A.  MYERS,  B.   NIVISON,  MRS.  S.  NORMAN,   MESSRS.  C.  E.  O'CONNOR,  E.  OWEN, 
H.  B.  PAPENFUS,  Miss  C.  PARSONS,  MR.  AND  MRS.  H.  M.  PAUL,  MESSRS.  W.  PEACE, 
C.M.G.,  A.   M.  PHILIPS,  J.  B.  POOLE,  S.  H.  PRELL,  MR.  AND  MRS.  G.  PURVIS, 
MESSRS.  A.  BADFORD,  G.  B.  BENNIE,  T.  A.  BENNIE,  MR.  AND  MRS.  H.  BEYNOLDS, 
MESSRS.  T.  B.  BOBINSON,  B.  BOME,  B.  L.  BONALD,  E.  M.  BOYDS,  MR.  AND  MRS. 

F.  BYMILL,  MR.  E.  SALMON,  SIR  SAUL  SAMUEL,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  LADY  SAMUEL, 
MR.  J.  SANDERSON,  MRS.  SAUER,  MESSRS.  J.  L.   SHAND,   S.  SHARP,  Miss  SHARP, 
Miss  ALLIE  SHAW,  Miss  ANNA  SHAW,  MESSRS.  BENNETT  E.  SHAW,  CLARINA  SHAW, 
SIR  EYRE  M.  SHAW,  K.C.B.,  LADY  SHAW,  MR.  MASSEY  SHAW,  Miss  SHAW,  MESSRS. 

B.  T.  SHIELDS,  B.  W.  SHIRE,  A.  SINCLAIR,  C.  SMITH,  COL.  SIR  CHAS.  EUAN-SMITH, 
K.C.B.,  C.S.I.,  LADY  EUAN-SMITH,  DR.  AND  MRS.  E.  B.  SMITH,  COL.  J.  M.  SMITH, 
Miss  L.  P.  SMITH,  MR.  C.  F.  STEVENS,  MR.  AND  MRS.  B.  M.  STEWART,  MR.  JOHN 
STUART,  Miss  TAFLIN,  MR.  G.  W.  TAYLOR,  Miss  TAYLOR,  MESSRS.  B.  H.  THEM- 
MEN,  J.  THOMPSON,  MR.  AND  MRS.  L.  W.  THRUPP,  MR.  E.  B.  TREDWEN,  MR.  AND 
MRS.  J.  E.  M.  VINCENT,  Miss  VINCENT,  MR.  AND  MRS.  DAWSON  VINDIN,  MR.  AND 
MRS.  E.  A.  WALLACE,  MESSRS.  J.  WARNER,  J.  W.  WARREN,  W.  C.  WATSON,  Miss 
WATSON,  MESSRS.  W.  WEDDEL,  L.  WELSTEAD,  BEV.  H.  M.  WEST,  MR.  AND  MRS. 
WHITE,  MESSRS.  E.  WIENHOLT,  W.  WIENHOLT,  E.   WIESENTHAL,  S.  C.  WILDE, 
A.  WILLIAMSON,    D.   WILLIAMSON,    J.    P.    G.    WILLIAMSON,    G.  F.  WISE,  J.  C. 
WYLIE,    S.  YARDLEY,  C.M.G.,  LADY   Fox  YOUNG,  Miss  Fox  YOUNG,  MR.  J.  S. 
O'HALLORAN  (SECRETARY). 

The  Minutes  of  the  last  Ordinary  General  Meeting  were  read 
and  confirmed,  and  it  was  announced  that  since  that  Meeting  9 
Fellows  had  been  elected,  viz.  3  Resident  and  6  Non-Resident. 

Resident  Fellows  :— 
Edmund  P.  Godson,  Arthur  C.  Mackenzie,  Qwyn  Vaughan  Morgan* 


Third  Ordinary  General  Meeting.  225 

Non-Kesident  Fellows : — 

James  Alexander  (New  Zealand],  Leicester  P.  Beaufort,  M.A.,  B.C.L., 
Barrister-at-Law  (British  North  Borneo],  Harry  Franks  (New  South  Wales], 
Gerald  C.  Roosmalecocq  (Ceylon],  Reginald  W.  Wickham  (Ceylon),  Josiah 
Williams,  F.R.G.S.  (East  Africa). 

It  was  also  announced  that  donations  to  the  Library  of  books, 
maps,  &c.,  had  been  received  from  the  various  Governments  of  the 
Colonies  and  India,  Societies,  and  public  bodies  both  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  Colonies,  and  from  Fellows  of  the  Institute  and 
others. 

The  name  of  Mr.  Peter  Redpath,  on  behalf  of  the  Council,  and 
that  of  Mr.  W.  G.  Devon  Astle  for  the  Fellows,  were  submitted  and 
approved  as  Auditors  of  the  accounts  of  the  Institute  for  the  past 
year,  in  accordance  with  Rule  48. 

The  CHAIEMAN  :  This  is  emphatically  a  red-letter  day  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  Institute.  In  the  quarter  of  a  century  of  our  existence 
we  have  had  papers  from  a  variety  of  distinguished  individuals  — 
military  and  naval  heroes,  men  of  science  and  art,  statesmen  at 
home  and  from  the  Colonies,  and  travellers  of  experience.  But  this 
is  the  first  occasion  on  which  we  have  had  the  honour  of  welcoming 
a  lady,  a  veritable  heroine  ;  and  the  lady  whom  it  is  my  great  pleasure 
and  privilege  to  introduce  is  so  well  known,  she  has  such  a  high 
reputation,  not  only  in  this  country  but  throughout  the  whole  of  the 
colonial  portion  of  the  Empire,  that  but  very  few  words  are  neces- 
sary on  my  part.  Miss  Shaw's  graphic  descriptions  of  what  she  has 
seen  in  the  various  Colonies  are  replete  with  criticisms  both  admir- 
able and  profound,  and  they  have  become  the  text  for  the  study  of 
statesmen,  historians,  and  philanthropists.  For  this  occasion  Miss 
Shaw  has  written  a  paper  well  worthy  of  her  high  reputation.  There 
is  not  a  page  that  does  not  rivet  attention.  It  is  marked  by  deep 
thought  and  is  interspersed  with  lighter  touches  of  her  picturesque 
pen — word-painting  that  might  well  pass  for  copies  of  the  brilliant 
productions  and  gorgeous  colouring  of  a  Burne  Jones.  Without 
detaining  you  further,  I  will  ask  Miss  Shaw  to  read  her  paper  on 


THE   AUSTRALIAN   OUTLOOK. 

IN  venturing  to  speak  of  the  Australian  outlook  before  an  audience 
of  which  many  distinguished  members  must  be  much  better  qualified 
than  I  am  to  form  an  opinion  upon  the  subject,  I  do  not  propose 
to  enter  into  vexed  questions  of  the  public  debt,  the  borrowing  policy, 


226  The  Australian  Outlook. 

the  railway  administration,  the  parliamentary  or  tariff  reform  of  a 
continent  whose  affairs  of  late  have  been  interesting  us  all  so  much. 
Vital  as  these  questions  doubtless  are  to  the  future  of  Australia, 
they  have  been  discussed  and  rediscussed  till  there  is  little  which 
can  be  said  about  them  that  has  not  been  said,  and  I  have  thought 
that  it  might  perhaps  be  more  interesting  to-night  to  approach  the 
Australian  outlook  from  the  general  and  simpler  point  of  view  which 
is  suggested  by  personal  observation. 

It  has  been  said  that  Australia  is  uninteresting  because  she  has 
no  past ;  but  the  interest  of  Australia  lies  forward,  not  behind.  It  is 
not  so  much  for  what  she  is,  still  less  for  what  she  has  been ;  it  is 
for  what  she  is  going  to  be  that  the  southern  continent  is  so  pro- 
foundly attractive. 

The  problems  which  she  is  working  out  are  new  problems — some 
of  them  so  new  that  they  have  hardly  shaped  themselves  yet — the 
problems,  not  of  our  children,  but  of  our  grandchildren.  In  this 
sense  Australia  is  supremely  interesting  ;  for  what  is  to  be  seen  and 
studied  there  to-day  gives  us  the  glimpse  that  we  are  all  constantly 
desirous  to  take  into  the  history  which  is  to  follow  after  our  time. 
Already  Australia  bears  towards  modern  civilisation  the  position  of 
a  divining  glass  in  which  it  used  to  be  held  that  persons  gifted  with 
second  sight  could  see  the  future.  The  total  population  of  the 
continent  is  less  than  4,000,000,  but  within  the  ocean  ring  which 
girdles  it  developments  of  life  and  thought  are  to  be  studied  under 
the  influence  of  which  generations  of  Englishmen  yet  unborn  will 
carry  on  the  history  of  the  race. 

It  is  difficult  to  put  into  words,  for  anyone  who  has  not  felt  it,  the 
extraordinary  stimulus  which  is  derived  from  the  perpetual  attitude 
of  expectation.  What  is  it  going  to  be  ?  is  the  question  with  which 
everything  is  approached.  The  future,  with  which  we  languidly  pro- 
fess to  concern  ourselves  in  England,  is  an  intense  and  vivid  reality  in 
Australia.  There  is  no  looking  down,  there  are  no  half-longing 
glances  towards  the  past.  Every  face  is  set  eagerly,  hopefully,  deter- 
minately  forward.  Progress  is  the  keynote  of  the  whole.  Evils  are 
noted  only  as  a  weed  that  has  grown  in  the  night  to  be  uprooted. 
Everything  is  open  to  remedy.  Enduring  misfortune,  permanent 
failure,  is  rejected  from  the  creed  of  the  Australian.  A  young  con- 
tinent lies  blank  before  him  to  carve  his  will  upon,  and  the  air  which 
sweeps  through  his  native  bush  seems  to  carry  with  it  from  Port 
Darwin  to  Port  Phillip  a  buoyant  confidence  that  makes  the  biggest 
schemes  seem  trifles  of  fulfilment.  The  extraordinary  elasticity 
with  which  Australia  has  recovered  from  a  financial  crisis  that 


The  Australian  Outlook.  227 

might  have  been  expected  to  throw  her  back  for  a  generation  is  for 
the  moment  a  sufficient  illustration  of  what  I  mean. 

I  have,  I  think,  said  enough,  possibly  more  than  was  at  all 
necessary,  to  vindicate  the  right  of  Australia  to  dispense  with  many 
ordinary  sources  of  attraction,  and  to  claim  to  be  approached  frankly 
in  a  modern  spirit  on  the  modern  ground  upon  which  her  people 
have  elected  to  take  their  stand.  She  alone  of  all  the  continents 
has  no  history.  So  be  it !  She  is  content.  She  offers  the  intro- 
ductory chapter  of  a  new  history  and  bases  her  claim  to  the  atten- 
tion of  the  world  upon  the  future  which  she  is  shaping  for  herself. 

The  first  strong  impression  in  relation  to  this  future  which  a 
journey  through  Australia  conveys  is  that  while  we  have  always 
been  in  the  habit  of  reading,  and  thinking,  and  talking  of  the  conti- 
nent as  one,  there  are  in  truth  two  Australias — two  Australias 
which  are  likely  to  modify  each  other  profoundly  as  they  grow  to 
maturity  side  by  side,  and  which  are,  also,  likely  to  develop  totally 
different  social  and  political  problems.  One  is  temperate 
Australia,  the  other  is  tropical  Australia.  The  life,  the  commerce, 
the  labour,  and  consequently  the  politics,  of  tropical  Australia  will 
of  necessity  be  cast  in  a  different  mould  from  the  life,  the  commerce, 
the  labour,  and  the  politics  of  temperate  Australia. 

While  the  frontiers  of  the  southern  part  of  South  Australia, 
Victoria,  and  New  South  Wales  appear  to  be  mere  accidental  lines 
of  political  division  running  through  one  area  which  is  essentially 
the  same,  and  therefore  effaceable  at  will,  the  difference  between 
this  district  and  Northern  Queensland,  to  which  no  doubt  the 
northern  territory  of  South  Australia  and  West  Australia  might  be 
added,  strikes  the  stranger  as  absolutely  radical.  The  climate  of 
New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  and  southern  South  Australia  varies 
as  does  the  climate  of  Yorkshire,  Surrey,  and  Devonshire.  Each 
has  its  characteristics  upon  which  the  inhabitants  of  each  are 
fortunately  ready  to  congratulate  themselves,  but  to  the  passing 
visitor  there  seems  to  be  only  such  difference  between  them  as 
you  might  easily  experience  by  spending  Monday  in  one  part  of  the 
United  Kingdom  and  Wednesday  in  another.  Whereas  between 
them  and  northern  Queensland  certainly — to  take  the  extremes  of 
the  comparison — between  Tasmania  and  northern  Queensland  there 
is  as  much  difference  as  between  Italy  and  Russia.  Throughout 
the  whole  journey  from  Adelaide  by  train,  through  Melbourne  and 
Sydney,  to  the  Queensland  frontier,  the  features  of  the  scenery  are 
the  same.  Except  where  cultivation  has  modified  the  natural 
characteristics,  grass  and  gum  forests  prevail.  But  from  Brisbane 


228  The  Australian  Outlook. 

northward  the  palm  intervenes,  the  hills  are  clad  with  cedar,  the 
aspect  of  the  country  is  completely  changed,  luxuriant  vegetation 
takes  the  place  of  grass  upon  the  coast,  and  tropical  jungle,  dense 
and  matted,  replaces  the  scant-leaved  gum  tree.  It  is  impossible  to 
helieve,  as  one  looks  from  the  windows  of  the  train  at  the  rapidly 
changing  scene,  that  the  habits,  aims,  and  pursuits  of  the  people 
who  occupy  the  one  country  can  remain  for  many  generations 
identical  with  those  of  the  other.  The  evidences  of  occupation 
which  present  themselves  confirm  the  impression.  Instead  of  the 
English-looking  fruit  orchards  of  South  Australia,  and  the  familiar 
cornlands  and  vineyards  of  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales,  the 
cultivation  which  meets  the  eye  in  Northern  Queensland  is  of 
emerald  green  tracts  of  sugar  cane,  ruddy  acres  of  rose-tinted  pine- 
apple, low-growing  rice  fields,  and  seemingly  limitless  banana 
groves.  Mango  orchards  are  common  ;  strange  fruits,  such  as  the 
pommelo,  the  chinee-wampee,  the  Brazilian  cherry,  and  the  rose- 
apple,  mix  with  citrons  and  cinnamon,  papaw  and  tamarinds,  in 
the  gardens.  The  sweetbriar  hedges  of  New  South  Wales  and 
the  yellow  flowering  gorse  of  Tasmania  entirely  disappear,  and  slow 
flowing  streams,  of  which  the  edges  are  plumed  with  palms  and  the 
water  is  often  hidden  by  beds  of  pink  or  purple  lilies,  divide  the 
land.  The  labourers  who  are  engaged  in  producing  these  un- 
familiar crops  are  no  less  strange  than  the  natural  features 
of  the  country  itself.  The  wiry,  auburn-haired  Australian, 
whose  pale,  regular  features  and  independent  glance  have  im- 
pressed themselves  as  the  characteristics  of  a  distinct  type  in  the 
southern  colonies,  gives  place  in  the  furrows  of  the  torrid  zone  to 
the  South  Sea  Islander,  who  has  made  his  concession  to  civilisation 
by  putting  on  the  blue  shirt  and  trousers  issued  under  Government 
regulations,  to  black-hatted  industrious  Chinese,  to  Javanese  and 
Japanese,  Malays  and  Singalese,  whose  bright  costumes  harmonise 
with  the  landscape.  And  with  the  exception  perhaps  of  the  negro 
and  the  Indian  coolie,  who  have  not  yet  made  good  their  footing  on 
the  continent,  there  are  specimens  to  be  found  in  the  fields  and 
sugar  plantations  of  almost  every  type  of  people  accustomed  to 
work  under  a  tropical  sun. 

The  jungle  which  grows  upon  the  richest  soil,  and  defies  the 
efforts  of  white  men  to  clear  it,  is  almost  entirely  cleared  by  China- 
men, who  in  return  for  the  service  are  allowed  to  rent  it  at  a  low 
rate  for  a  few  years.  During  those  years  they  cultivate  various 
fruits,  flowers,  and  vegetables,  many  of  which  are  introduced  from 
China  an$  Japan.  Spices  that  look  like  fruits,  fruits  that  taste  like 


The  Australian  Outlook.  229 

spice,  and  flowers  of  which  the  parent  stock  must  surely  have 
grown,  one  thinks,  upon  an  Oriental  screen,  decorate  their  fertile 
patches,  and  in  spite  of  a  very  limited  market  the  owners  manage, 
as  white  men  have  told  me  with  disgust,  to  make  a  profit  where 
an  Englishman  would  starve.  When  the  short  clearing  lease  is  up, 
the  Ckinaman  moves  on  to  clear  more  jungle.  He  leaves  a  garden 
where  he  found  a  wilderness,  and  the  European  owner  of  the  land 
is  proportionately  enriched. 

Though  this  practice  is  common,  and  the  presence  of  Chinamen 
in  the  north  is  marked  by  a  constant  extension  of  cleared  land  avail- 
able for  crops,  I  cannot  remember  ever  to  have  heard  their  services 
recognised  with  an  expression  of  gratitude.  The  fact  that  the 
service  was  valuable  was  not  denied,  but  "  I  don't  like  a  Chinaman" 
was  universally  considered  to  be  a  sufficient  explanation  of  the 
absence  of  any  thanks.  There  was  no  persecution  of  them,  and 
apparently,  in  the  north,  no  strong  feeling  of  annoyance  in  connec- 
tion with  their  presence  in  the  community.  The  place  they  filled 
appeared,  so  far  as  I  could  see,  to  be  that  of  excellent  self-acting 
machines,  who  cleared  the  jungle  even  more  efficiently  and  cheaply 
than  the  Mallee  scrub  of  Victoria  and  South  Australia  is  cleared  by 
the  roller  and  stump-jumping  plough.  The  position  of  agricultural 
implements,  and  nothing  more,  is  the  position  at  present  assigned 
to  the  servile  races  whose  labour  is  made  use  of  in  the  tropical  parts 
of  Queensland.  Only,  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of 
humanity,  and  it  may  be  added  also  of  common  sense,  the  care 
of  these  living  implements  is  made  the  subject  of  very  thorough 
and  minute  regulations. 

This  brings  us  at  once  face  to  face  with  one  of  the  problems  in 
the  solution  of  which  the  statesmanship  of  tropical  Australia  is 
likely  to  be  forced  to  differ  from  that  of  temperate  Australia.  The 
business  of  the  politician  of  temperate  Australia  will  be  to  regulate 
the  working  of  a  constitution  based  upon  universal  suffrage,  in 
which  every  member  of  the  community,  women  probably  as  well 
as  men,  will  exercise  the  rights  and  responsibilities  of  self-govern- 
ment. The  business  of  the  politician  of  tropical  Australia  will,  on 
the  contrary,  in  all  probability  be  to  find  means  by  which  the  affairs 
of  a  large  servile  population  may  be  justly  administered  by  a  rela- 
tively small,  and  consequently  aristocratic,  body  of  white  men.  In 
fact,  the  place  of  servile  races  in  the  world  is  one  of  the  big  questions 
of  future  history  which  temperate  Australia  may  refuse  to  consider, 
but  to  which  tropical  Australia  must  join  with  Africa,  Asia,  and 
America  in  finding  an  answer? 


280  The  Australian  Outlook. 

The  portion  of  Queensland  of  which  I  am  speaking  now  is  princi- 
pally the  strip  lying  upon  the  sea-level  between  the  waters  of  the 
Pacific  and  the  wall  of  mountains  known  as  the  Old  Coast  range 
which  divide  it  from  the  higher  lands  of  the  interior ;  but  what  is 
true  of  it  applies  in  general  terms  to  the  whole  extension  of  the 
tropical  coast  through  the  northern  territory  of  South  Australia 
and  West  Australia.  It  is  the  sugar  district ;  it  will  be  some  day 
become  the  cotton  district,  the  tobacco  and  the  rice  district,  the 
coffee  and  the  tea  district  of  an  immensely  rich  Northern  Australia. 
There  is  no  kind  of  tropical  production  which  does  not  appear  to 
flourish  in  profusion  when  it  is  introduced. 

The  most  important  of  the  present  centres  of  cultivation  are 
along  the  coast  from  Brisbane  to  Bundaberg  and  north  of  Bunda- 
berg,  round  Eockhampton,  Mackay,  Townsville,  the  Burdekin 
Delta,  the  Herbert  and  the  Johnstone  Eivers  and  Cairns.  This 
belt  of  about  1,000  miles  practically  limits  the  present  area  of 
sugar  cultivation,  and  it  is  throughout  the  sugar  belt  that  the 
cheap  labour  of  alien  races  is  employed.  Details  of  the  Kanaka 
question  lie  outside  my  subject  to-nigh fc.  I  will  only  say  there- 
fore in  passing  that  the  outcome  of  a  very  careful  personal  in- 
quiry into  the  conditions  of  their  lot  has  been  to  convince  me 
that  in  no  country  which  I  have  yet  visited  in  any  quarter  of  the 
globe  is  the  manual  labourer  so  well  provided  for,  so  liberally  paid, 
or  so  carefully  safeguarded  from  oppression,  as  the  South  Sea  Islander 
employed  in  Queensland.  Whether  it  is  good  for  the  islands  that 
the  majority  of  their  able-bodied  population  should  go  away  to 
work  upon  the  mainland  is  another  question.  I  am  not  for  the 
moment  concerned  with  it.  The  difference  between  a  Kanaka,  a 
Javanese,  or  Malay  labouring  in  the  fields  under  a  tropical  sun  and 
a  white  man  working  under  the  same  conditions  is  as  the  difference 
between  a  humming-bird  and  a  sick  sparrow.  The  one  is  as  bright 
as  the  other  is  dejected.  White  men  can  do  profitably  a  good  deal 
of  the  lighter  and  more  open  work,  but  when  it  comes  to  heavy 
work  under  the  cane  those  whom  I  have  questioned  have  told  me 
more  than  once  that  they  do  not  expect  to  do  much  more  than  half 
the  work  of  a  Kanaka.  On  one  small  plantation  upon  which  they 
were  employed  in  about  equal  numbers,  and  were  all  on  task  work, 
the  Kanakas  finished  in  the  morning  at  half-past  ten  and  in  the 
afternoon  at  three,  while  the  white  labourers  with  exactly  the  same 
amount  to  do  worked  in  the  morning  until  twelve  and  in  the  later 
part  of  the  day  until  the  moon  rose.  I  was  myself  in  the  fields  and 
noted  the  hour  at  which  the  respective  tasks  were  finished.  This 


The,  Australian  Outlook.  231 

fact,  combined  with  the  greater  reliability  of  what  is  generally 
classed  as  servile  labour,  weighs  more  with  employers  than  actual 
cheapness.  It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  the  Kanaka  is  ex- 
tremely cheap.  Employers  calculate  that  they  cost  about  £40  a 
year,  or  15s.  a  week,  each  man  and  woman,  and  the  extremely  favour- 
able conditions  under  which  they  are  able  to  live  for  that  sum 
are  consequences  of  the  climate  and  the  cheapness  of  land  and  food. 
It  seems  on  general  grounds  natural  to  suppose  that  labour  which 
is  produced  in  the  tropics  should  be  suitable  to  tropical  requirements, 
and  without  wishing  to  prejudge  the  immediate  development  of 
future  events,  it  is  to  be  noted  as  one  of  the  effects  of  the  late  reor- 
ganisation of  the  sugar  industry  that  the  small  growers  who  are 
encouraged  under  the  new  system  to  take  up  land  have  begun  to 
realise  that  it  pays  them  better  to  employ  Kanakas  and  cultivate 
land  for  themselves  than  to  work  for  wages,  however  good,  under 
someone  else.  On  the  Herbert  Eiver  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Mackay  there  are  already  settlements  of  men  who,  from  the  position 
of  ploughmen,  carpenters,  and  labourers,  have  become  owners  of 
farms  of  100  or  160  acres  in  extent,  and  employ  from  eight  to  ten 
Kanakas  apiece,  earning  for  themselves  a  gross  income  of  £800  to 
£1,000  a  year. 

When  this  system  becomes  universal,  and  the  present  race  of 
white  labourers  becomes  converted,  as  it  may,  into  a  future 
race  of  white  masters,  employing  coloured  labour  freely  over 
an  immense  area,  the  real  difficulties  in  connection  with  the 
regulation  of  the  conditions  under  which  such  labour  may  be 
employed  will  be  likely  to  arise.  It  is  perfectly  easy  to  understand 
in  the  face  of  these  the  reluctance  with  which  the  leaders  of  opinion 
in  temperate  Australia  are  disposed  to  regard  any  relaxation  of  the 
laws  by  which  the  immigration  of  alien  labour  is  admitted.  Men 
who  are  accustomed  to  govern  themselves  and  to  respect  the  self- 
governing  power  in  others  have  no  wish  to  complicate  their  con- 
stitutional machinery  by  the  introduction  of  an  inferior  mass  of  people 
who  must  be  both  governed  and  protected.  But  the  developments 
of  history  do  not  wait  permanently  upon  the  will  of  statesmen, 
however  able,  nor,  we  may  believe,  upon  the  will  of  labour  parties, 
however  powerful.  There  are  forces  of  nature  so  irresistible  that 
the  strongest  opposition  must  go  down  before  them,  and  if  such 
forces  are  declaring,  as  some  people  think  they  are,  for  the  employ- 
ment of  an  inferior  by  a  superior  race  in  Northern  Australia,  the 
ability  of  North  Australian  statesman  will  inevitably  before  long  be 
engaged  in  finding  the  means  by  which  the  relations  of  the  two 


232  The  Australian  Outlook. 

races  can  be  most  desirably  governed.  It  is  scarcely  possible  to 
escape  the  conclusion  that  if  North  Queensland  obtains  the  political 
separation  for  which  it  is  agitating,  the  nucleus  of  the  development 
of  tropical  Australia  will  have  been  formed,  and  the  creation  of 
other  tropical  Colonies,  in  which  the  habits  of  thought,  the  aims, 
and  the  traditions  will  differ  widely  from  those  of  the  existing 
Australian  communities,  will  be  only  a  question  of  time. 

I  do  not  wish  to  be  supposed  to  say,  even  passingly,  that  in  no 
part  of  tropical  Australia  can  the  white  man  work.  Behind  the 
coast  lands  of  which  I  have  been  speaking  comes  the  mountain  wall 
which  may  be  said  roughly  to  encircle  the  whole  continent.  This 
wall  contains  the  mineral  wealth  of  Australia,  and  upon  it  is  the 
white  man's  throne.  In  Queensland  there  are  two  main  plateaux, 
one  at  the  southern  and  one  towards  the  northern  end  of  the  coast 
range — both  of  them  some  thousands  of  feet  above  the  sea,  both  of 
them  of  great  extent,  and  both  of  them  eminently  suited  in  soil, 
climate,  natural  vealth,  and  the  beauty  and  charm  of  their  sur- 
roundings for  the  settlement  of  a  large  white  population.  All 
along  the  range  between  them  the  mining  centres  are  fitted  for 
occupation  by  white  races,  who  can  work  easily  in  the  dry  and 
bracing  air.  Behind  the  wall  the  interior  of  the  country  is  one  vast 
extent  of  rolling  grass  plain,  lightly  timbered,  where,  at  present, 
men  are  rare,  and  herds  of  sheep  and  oxen,  which  are  to  be  counted 
by  millions,  roam  at  will.  The  whole  of  this  vast  territory  needs 
only  sufficient  water  to  become  capable  of  sustaining  multitudes 
of  men.  Within  the  last  five  years  it  seems  to  have  become 
apparent  that  Nature,  so  lavish  in  every  other  respect,  has 
not  omitted  this  essential  gift.  She  has  only  stored  in  the  cool 
depths  of  the  earth  what  would  have  evaporated  upon  the  surface, 
and  under  the  greater  part  of  the  sandstone  formation  immense  beds 
of  artesian  water  have  been  found. 

Many  of  the  principal  stations  have  now  artesian  bores  which 
guarantee  their  cattle  against  droughts  in  the  event  of  the  failure 
of  surface  water,  and  few  sights  on  a  station  are  prettier  than  the 
enjoyment  of  the  thirsty  flocks  when  the  fountain  is  set  playing, 
and  the  water  allowed  to  run  down  its  prepared  channels  for 
them  to  drink.  At  Charleville,  where  the  Government  bore  had 
to  be  carried  down  for  1,300  feet,  the  water  rises  in  a  magnificent 
jet  of  about  a  hundred  feet,  and  the  sunshine  playing  on  the 
spray  creates  a  perpetual  rainbow,  under  which  3,000,000  gallons 
can  be  poured  out  every  day.  There  are  now  few  important 
bush  townships  in  which  bores  are  not  being  sunk,  and  though  as 


The  Australian  Outlook,  233 

yet  the  water  has  been  insufficiently  utilised,  the  possibilities  which 
its  existence  introduces  are  almost  too  great  in  magnitude  to  be 
estimated.  It  is  conceivable  that  what  has  been  hitherto  a  pastoral 
country,  counting  its  extent  by  thousands  of  square  miles  instead 
of  acres,  may  under  the  influence  of  these  fertilising  streams  be 
transformed  into  an  agricultural  country  with  homesteads  elbowing 
each  other  upon  its  plains.  If  this  picture  of  close  cultivation  were 
at  any  future  time  to  become  a  reality,  it  is  open  to  question  whether 
the  greater  part  of  the  heavy  work  would  be  most  profitably  done  by 
white  or  by  coloured  labour.  The  main  fact  which  is,  I  fancy, 
beyond  dispute  to  anyone  who  has  had  the  opportunity  of  travel  in 
Norther  Australia  is  that  if  the  tropical  half  of  the  continent  be  left 
free  to  develop  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  its  nature 
and  situation  there  are  scarcely  any  limits  which  could  be  safely  set 
to  the  addition  which  it  may  make  to  the  wealth  of  the  world. 

Wealth  is  the  distinctively,  to   some   people  the   objectionably, 

modern  characteristic  of  Australia.   Whatever  some  financial  critics 

may  say— and  I  am  trying  to-night  to  avoid  the  introduction  of  a 

single  figure—  the  wealth  of  the  continent  is  simply  prodigious.     It 

is  not  that  she  has  a  Mount  Morgan  mine  in  which  gold  seems  at 

a  far  distant  period  to  have  been  thrown  up  from  some  underground 

store  almost  as  freely  as  the  water  of  the  Charleville  bore  is  leaping 

up  to-day.     It  is  not  that  she  has  a  phenomenal  horse- shoe  of  silver 

at  Broken  Hill  from  which  something   like   one-fifteenth   of   the 

annual  silver  output  of  the  world  is  produced,  or  that,  if  all  late 

reports  are  true,  she  has  a  scarcely  less  remarkable  third  marvel  in 

the  copper  deposit  of  Mount  Lyall  in  Tasmania.     It  is  not  that 

throughout  the  old  rocks  of  the  coast  range  coal  and  tin  and  the  more 

homely  minerals  alternate  with  abounding  gold  ;  that  fresh  beds  of 

mineral  wealth  are  being  opened  every  day ;  that  diamonds  and  rubies, 

topazes  and  emeralds  are  scattered  through  her  hills  ;  that  even  in 

the  sandstone  plains  of  the  interior,  where  no  gems  were  looked  for, 

opals  wait  to  be  picked  up ;  or  that  the  warm  waters  which  wash 

her  shores  bring  pearls  and  coral  in  their  waves.     These  are  mere 

incidents  in  her  good  fortune.     Her  true  wealth  lies  in  the  common 

earth.     As  with  her  political,  so  with  her  natural  history.     The 

virgin  continent  has  spent  herself  in  no  efforts  in  the  past.     She 

has    produced   neither    the    varied   vegetation   nor   the   immense 

mammalia  of  the  prehistoric  periods  of  the  northern  hemisphere  ; 

but,  isolated  by  the  oceans  which  surround  her,  she  has  remained 

apart  from  the  general  evolution  and  reserved  herself  wholly  for 

futurity.     The  savage  races  which  haunted  her  western  forests  had 


234  The  Australian  Outlook. 

no  message  of  life  for  her.  She  has  waited  for  the  best  that  history 
has  produced,  and  now  at  last,  wedded  to  cultivation,  she  seems 
destined  to  become  the  fruitful  mother  of  the  wealth  of  half  a 
world. 

The  climate  of  Australia  is  a  perpetual  summer.  There  is  nothing 
which  can  be  planted  in  the  soil  that  will  not  grow.  I  have  spoken 
already  of  the  oriental  fruits  of  the  tropics.  It  is  almost  impossible 
to  speak  without  what  must  seem  exaggeration  of  the  extraordinary 
size  and  beauty  of  the  English  fruits  which  flourish  in  New  South 
Wales,  Victoria,  and  South  Australia.  At  Orange,  in  the  Blue 
Mountains  of  New  South  Wales,  I  was  given  cherries,  black  and 
white,  which  seemed  more  like  Orleans  plums  and  those  little  red 
and  white  apples  that  we  see  wrapped  in  silver  paper  in  the  fruit- 
erer's shops,  than  like  any  cherries  that  I  had  ever  seen  before. 
They  were  exquisite  in  flavour  and  sweetness,  and  the  orchards  on 
either  side  of  the  roads  were  weighed  down  with  the  heavy  crop. 
In  Victoria  all  the  small  fruits  were  equally  plentiful  and  equally  fine. 
By  the  time  I  reached  South  Australia  the  summer  was  more  ad- 
vanced, the  vintage  was  beginning,  and  the  country  all  red  and  gold 
with  fruit  suggested  no  other  comparison  than  the  land  of  Canaan 
as  we  used  to  read  of  it  in  our  childhood.  Acres  of  vines  spreading 
up  the  hill-sides,  the  summits  crowned  with  chestnut  woods  and 
apples,  the  hollows  filled  to  overflowing  with  plums  and  pears,  peach 
trees,  apricots  and  medlars,  and  every  fruit  that  ripens  in  an  English 
garden.  Olive  trees  bordered  an  avenue  here  and  there,  and  oranges 
were  everywhere  showing  yellow  against  the  dark  green  foliage  of  the 
orange  groves.  The  Tintara  vineyard,  of  which  we  see  advertisements 
on  all  the  railway- station  walls,  is  in  this  portion  of  South  Australia, 
and  a  branch  vineyard  is  within  an  easy  drive  of  Adelaide.  On  the 
day  on  which  I  visited  it  the  thermometer  registered  105°  in  the 
shade.  In  the  blazing  sun  of  the  hill  sides  oxen  were  dragging 
waggons  filled  with  the  white  and  purple  fruit,  and  I  remember 
gratefully  a  certain  cool,  dimly-lighted  cellar  where  on  a  table 
beside  wine  of  a  kindivhich,  with  all  his  enterprise,  I  may  say  that 
Mr.  Burgoyne  has  not  yet  succeeded  in  securing  for  the  public,  there 
were  heaped  bunches  of  various  sorts  of  grapes.  Possibly  they  were 
selected  bunches  ;  I  only  know  that  when  I  was  asked  to  take  one 
away  I  had  some  difficulty  in  lifting  it,  and  I  was  told  that  it 
weighed  over  twenty  pounds.  Nor  could  this  have  been  very  un- 
usual, for  at  the  hotel  just  such  a  pyramid  was  put  down  before  me 
every  morning  for  breakfast. 

The  wine  industry  of  Soutfr  Australia  points,  almost  as  strongly 


The  Australian  Outlook.  235 

as  the  sugar  industry  of  Queensland,  the  radical  difference  which 
exists  between  the  present  requirements  of  temperate  and  tropical 
Australia.  Both  industries  promise  to  be  of  the  utmost  importance 
to  the  country,  both  are  in  every  way  native  to  the  soil,  but  while 
the  crying  need  of  the  one  is  at  this  moment  cheap  and  plentiful 
labour,  the  equally  pressing  necessity  of  the  other  is  skilled  Euro- 
pean labour.  The  immense  area,  the  suitable  soil,  and  the  pecu- 
liarly steady  climate  of  Australia,  are  in  every  way  adapted  to  the 
production  of  wine.  It  is  believed  that  the  very  best  kinds  of 
European  wine  can  be  rivalled  there,  if  not  surpassed,  and  that  if 
the  technical  perfection  of  manufacture  were  once  attained,  the  in- 
variability of  the  climatic  conditions  would  almost  entirely  do  away 
with  the  European  fluctuations  of  good  years  and  bad  years,  thus 
giving  to  Australian  vintages  the  superiority  of  unfailing  trust- 
worthiness. If  so  there  would  be  practically  no  limits  to  the  value 
of  the  trade.  But  in  order  to  achieve  this  result  the  utmost  care 
and  knowledge  is  required  for  the  manufacture  of  the  wine,  and  the 
"successful  producers  are  those  who  have  placed  their  wine -presses 
under  the  supervision  of  highly-paid  European  experts. 

It  is  felt  that  the  success  of  the  wine  industry  depends  upon  the 
introduction  of  these  experts  in  sufficient  number,  and  far  from 
any  inclination  to  employ  cheap  labour  in  the  vineyards,  the 
tendency  is  rather  to  place  the  vines  as  well  as  the  making  of  wine 
under  the  care  of  experts.  The  deliberate  intention  everywhere 
expressed  was  not  to  compete  with  the  cheap  wines  of  Algeria  and 
other  markets  of  low  class  labour,  but  to  employ  the  best  labour 
that  could  be  got,  and  to  do  everything  which  trained  intelligence  can 
suggest  to  produce  wine  which  shall  compete  with  the  best  wines  of 
the  world.  Throughout  temperate  Australia  and  especially  in  connec- 
tion with  fruit  and  wine  growing  and  what  is  generally  known  as 
"  intense  culture  "  under  conditions  of  artificial  irrigation,  one  of 
the  most  interesting  movements  that  is  to  be  observed  is  the 
tendency  to  place  upon  the  land  a  higher  class  of  intelligence  than 
has  ever  before  been  associated  with  agricultural  pursuits.  The 
future  "rustic"  of  Australia  will  be  the  descendant  of  two  classes 
who  form  at  present  the  most  striking  elements  of  Australian 
society.  There  is  the  workman  who  is  determined  to  better  his 
condition  and  to  leave  his  family  in  a  happier  position  than  that  to 
which  he  himself  was  born,  but  who  does  not  intend  to  cease  to  be 
a  workman  ;  and  there  is  the  gentleman  who  is  prepared  to  accept 
manual  labour,  but  who  dees  not  intend  for  that  to  cease  to  be  a 
gentleman,  These  two  classes  meet  on  equal  terms  upon  the  land, 


23G  The  Australian  Outlook. 

especially  in  the  irrigation  colonies  where  science  and  training  art! 
useless  without  the  practical  quality  of  industry,  and  industry  alone 
without  intelligence  is  out  of  count.  Each  class  has  much  to  learn 
from  the  other.  In  some  districts,  where  neighbours  are  rare,  they 
intermingle  freely.  Their  material  position  is  already  often  fairly 
equal,  and  it  is  easy  to  see  in  these  new  groups  of  population  the  found- 
ation of  a  very  valuable  society  of  the  future. 

Much  might  be  said  upon  irrigation  and  its  effect  upon  the  cul- 
tivators as  well  as  upon  the  soil.  The  general  result,  as  one  may 
study  it  in  Australia,  throws  rather  a  curious  and  interesting  light 
upon  the  history  of  some  of  the  oldest  civilisations.  We  were 
taught  when  we  were  young  that  the  reason  why  the  populations 
of  Egypt,  India,  and  certain  portions  of  Asia  Minor  were  so  much 
more  early  civilised  than  the  inhabitants  of  Northern  Europe  was 
that  the  soil  of  those  countries  being  fertile  the  necessaries  of  life 
were  more  easily  obtained,  and  people  began  soon  to  have  leisure  to 
develop  their  higher  powers.  Exactly  the  same  process  is  now  at 
work  on  those  portions  of  new  land,  of  which  the  fertility  is  doubled 
or  trebled  by  means  of  irrigation ;  but  it  is  not  only  the  fact  that 
necessaries  are  easy  to  procure  which  gives  men  leisure,  and 
disposes  them  to  the  higher  forms  of  cultivation.  It  is  that 
on  highly  productive  land  a  much  smaller  portion  suffices  for 
the  maintenance  of  a  given  number  of  persons ;  consequently 
men  live  nearer  together,  and  they  are  able  to  employ  their 
leisure  in  social  intercourse,  which  is  at  once  natural  and 
mutually  stimulating.  It  is  a  feature  of  life  in  new  countries 
which  is,  I  think,  worth  dwelling  upon,  especially  from  the 
point  of  view  of  young  Englishmen,  and  I  hope  some  day 
English  women,  who  may  go  from  the  accustomed  amenities  of  a 
closely  populated  country  to  settle  in  the  Colonies.  It  is  to  be 
observed  in  its  highest  development  in  irrigation  settlements  where 
land  will  yield  a  return  of  <£30  an  acre,  and  ten  acres  will  support 
a  modest  family.  But  it  is  also  generally  true  as  between  the 
pastoral  and  the  agricultural  districts. 

The  pastoral  districts  are  those  in  which,  for  any  reason,  land 
has  not  yet  become  valuable  for  other  than  grazing  purposes,  and 
immense  tracts  are  usually  held  under  lease.  The  largest  station 
which  I  visited  was  1,500  square  miles  in  extent,  and  carried  500,000 
sheep ;  the  smallest  was  220  square  miles,  and  carried  66,000  sheep 
and  5,000  cattle.  Du  :ing  a  drive  of  500  miles  in  the  bush,  although 
I  was  on  station  land  the  whole  way,  I  only  crossed  twelve 
stations.  It  is  easier  to  speak  of,  than  to  imagine,  the  oppressive 


The  Australian  Outlook.  237 

isolation  of  life  without  any  family  ties  in  the  out-stations  of 
those  immense  estates.  Two  boundary  riders  may  share  a  hut. 
Within  a  radius  of  twenty-five  miles  there  may  be,  perhaps, 
no  other  living  creatures.  One  of  these  men  may  be  a  decent 
fellow,  the  other  a  ruffian,  or  one  may  be  possibly  an  English 
gentleman,  the  other  a  man  who  at  home  would  have  occupied  the 
position  of  his  father's  herd.  Their  main  occupation  is  to  ride  for 
miles  and  miles  every  day.  They  come  in  at  night  hungry  and 
tired  to  find  no  food  cooked  till  they  cook  it,  no  beds  made  till  they 
make  them,  no  house  cleaned  till  they  clean  it.  Half  the  time  they 
are  too  tired.  They  eat  cold  meat  from  yesterday's  joints,  and  roll 
into  unmade  beds,  glad  in  the  morning  to  leave  the  dirty  shelter 
which  they  have  no  courage  to  keep  clean.  Of  course  this  picture 
varies.  Where  a  man  and  his  companion  chance  to  be  congenial, 
or  where  the  out-stations,  as  is  the  case  on  some  estates,  are 
properly  appointed,  life  may  be  less  disagreeable  in  its  daily  detail, 
but  the  general  facts  of  solitude  and  the  absence  of  legitimate 
pleasure  remain.  Few  men  can  bear  the  strain  without  mental 
and  moral  degradation,  and  I  was  told  again  and  again  by  pastoral  - 
ists  that  nothing  would  induce  them  to  subject  their  own  sons  to 
the  trial. 

The  difference  between  such  a  condition  of  things  and  the  life  of 
the  agricultural  districts  is  made  very  apparent  in  any  of  the  more 
closely  populated  fertile  centres  of  New  South  Wales,  South 
Australia,  or  Victoria.  Scientific  fruit-growing,  wine-making, 
dairying,  all  offer  examples  of  the  best  sort  of  settlement.  But 
nowhere  can  it  be,  perhaps,  more  fairly  appreciated  than  in  the  new 
mallee  country  of  Victoria.  There  in  a  comparatively  remote 
portion  of  the  Colony,  away  from  the  influences  of  railways  and 
seaports,  and  under  conditions  which  differ  in  no  other  important 
respect  from  the  conditions  of  the  pastoral  industry,  it  has  been 
found  that  land  which  was  once  thought  worthless  is  admirably 
fitted  for  the  production  of  wheat,  and  farms  of  from  500  to  1,000 
acres  are  being  rapidly  taken  up.  Though  the  life  is  necessarily 
rough,  though  everything  is  as  new  as  in  three-year-old  agricultural 
settlements  it  must  needs  be,  there  is  nothing  which  need  prevent 
an  English  or  Australian  gentleman  from  sending  his  son  with 
confidence  to  earn  his  living. 

On  the  edges  of  the  still  uncleared  mallee  copse  little  home- 
steads are  springing  up  side  by  side,  and  as  the  mallee  retreats 
before  the  advances  of  the  roller  and  the  stump-jumping  plough 
fresh  links  are  added  to  the  chain  of  civilisation.     The  fact  that 
VOL.  xxv.— 3,  T 


238  The  Australian  Outlook. 

a  man  can  walk  across  his  own  five  hundred  acres  and  find  a 
neighbour  interested  in  the  same  pursuits  upon  the  next  lot,  and 
that  he  has  a  fair  chance  of  counting  among  all  his  neighbours 
at  least  one  or  two  of  his  own,  or  of  a  perhaps  higher  mental 
calibre,  makes  an  extraordinary  difference  to  life.  There  are  books 
to  read,  there  are  papers  to  discuss,  there  is  your  neighbour's 
opinion  to  consider.  The  houses  at  present  are  mostly  log  huts, 
but  they  have  their  flower  garden  and  orchard,  their  fence  and 
their  gate,  their  pine  tree  or  other  distinctive  feature.  There  is  no 
labouring  population  in  the  ordinary  sense.  Everyone  is  young, 
and  everyone,  whether  he  be  a  ploughman  or  an  undergraduate,  is 
working  for  himself.  The  general  tone  is  of  a  prosperous,  intelli- 
gent, self-respecting  independence,  and  of  a  consequently  enlarged 
plane  of  interest  which  enables  the  man  who  appears  to  be  wholly 
absorbed  by  the  varieties  of  American  ploughs  at  one  moment  to 
be  equally  keen  upon  the  diversities  of  American  poets  in  the  next. 

One  of  the  needs  of  the  society  appeared  to  me  to  be  young 
unmarried  women,  and  in  visiting  the  homesteads  and  finding 
young  men  engaged,  as  they  easily  may  be,  in  washing  dishes, 
scrubbing  kitchen  tables,  feeding  the  fowls,  or  attending  to  the 
flower  garden,  one  cannot  but  think  that  for  such  colonisation  as 
this  there  would  be  a  good  deal  to  say  in  favour  of  allowing  the 
girls  of  big  families  to  accompany  their  brothers.  Many  and  many 
an  English  girl  who,  unless  she  marries,  has  no  other  prospect  at 
home  than  to  be  a  governess  or  a  telegraph  clerk,  would,  I  believe, 
be  glad  to  go  out  under  the  safe  guardianship  of  her  brother, 
sharing  his  hardships,  mitigating  the  first  loneliness  of  the  great 
wrench,  which  is  the  cause  perhaps  of  more  of  the  recklessness  of 
young  Englishmen  abroad  than  has  ever  been  admitted,  and  taking 
her  part  in  that  most  entertaining  of  natural  interests,  the  creation 
of  a  home.  No  healthy,  sensible  girl  fears  work.  It  is  the  dulness 
of  the  left-behind  which  makes  so  many  of  those  whose  circum- 
stances are  not  altogether  prosperous  discontented. 

Such  a  settlement  as  that  of  the  mallee  country  in  Victoria  is 
essentially  characteristic  of  temperate  Australia.  The  rich  lands  of 
Northern  Queensland  allow  of  even  closer  settlement,  for  100  acres 
under  sugar  will  probably  give  as  valuable  a  return  as  1,000  acres 
under  wheat.  This  close  settlement  will  not  fail  to  produce  a 
high  level  of  civilisation  of  its  own,  but  the  employment  of  an 
inferior  class  of  labour  not  only  introduces  an  entirely  new  element 
of  population,  it  will  evidently  modify  to  a  very  considerable  extent 
the  character  of  the  governing  race.  If  any  conclusions  as  to  the 


The  Australian  Outlook.  239 

future  may  be  drawn  from  existing  indications,  I  should  say  that 
temperate  Australia  is  destined  to  represent  the  democratic,  and 
tropical  Australia  the  aristocratic,  forces  of  the  continent.  It  will, 
of  course,  be  objected  that  the  labour  party  is  as  strong  in 
Northern  Queensland  as  in  any  other  portion  of  Australia,  and  that, 
far  from  being  aristocratic  in  her  tendencies,  the  danger  is  that 
Northern  Queensland  should  be  entirely  controlled  by  the  labour 
vote.  It  may  be  so,  but  it  seems  difficult  to  believe  that  the  intel- 
ligent Australian  labourer,  converted  into  an  employer,  will  resist 
any  more  than  his  predecessors,  under  more  or  less  similar  circum- 
stances, have  resisted  natural  influences  which  tend  to  develop  the 
aristocratic  sentiment.  He  will  find  himself  a  landowner,  a 
master,  a  voter,  a  producer  of  wealth,  in  other  words  a  member  of 
a  privileged  class  enjoying  certain  dignities  and  acknowledging 
certain  responsibilities.  The  instincts  of  a  leader  are  not  so 
difficult  to  cultivate  in  men  of  English  race  that  they  are  likely 
under  such  conditions  to  remain  dormant.  Australia  has  already 
given  us  a  democracy  which  is  good.  It  is  within  the  possibilities 
of  her  future  that  she  may  yet  give  us  an  aristocracy  which  is 
better, 

Looking  at  the  broad  issues  of  Australian  history  the  division 
of  the  continent  into  tropical  and  temperate  appears  to  me 
to  be  the  great  political,  and  land  settlement  the  great  social, 
question  of  the  future.  These  two  either  include  wholly  or 
affect  all  the  more  familiar  subjects  of  controversy  or  discussion 
with  which  we  are  occupied  every  day.  The  sessions  of  the 
Australian  Parliaments  in  the  year  which  has  just  closed  were 
almost  entirely  taken  up  with  questions  of  finance  and  land  settlement. 
It  is  because  the  lesson  of  the  crisis  has  been  that  finance  and  land 
settlement  are,  in  fact,  the  same  things.  I  have  tried  to  touch  for 
a  moment  on  the  principal  sources  of  Australian  wealth.  All  of 
them  are  in  the  soil.  What  Australia  needs  is  that  they  should  be 
dug  out  of  the  soil,  and  so  placed  upon  the  markets  of  the  world. 
How  best  to  get  labour  into  direct  operation  upon  her  natural  wealth 
is  the  problem  which  she  has  set  herself  to  solve.  She  is  attempting 
it  in  ways  which  have  not  yet  been  tried  elsewhere.  The  Bills  for 
the  establishment  of  village  settlements,  co-operative  communities, 
-homestead  associations,  and  labour  colonies  which  passed  into 
law  last  year  are  nearly  all  of  them  accompanied  by  provisions 
under  which  Government  funds  may  be  used  to  advance 
loans  on  mortgage  to  cultivators  desirous  of  taking  up  the 
land.  The  theory  of  the  movement  is  that,  as  the  Government 

T  2 


240  The  Australian  Outlook. 

has  everything  to  gain  by  the  improved  value  that  labour  will 
give  to  the  land,  it  runs  practically  no  financial  risk  in  putting 
labour  under  certain  carefully  defined  conditions  upon  the  land. 
If  this  theory  be  proved  to  be  correct,  and  the  movement  should 
take  dimensions  of  any  importance,  the  back  of  the  unemployed 
difficulty  will  be  broken  not  only  for  Australia  but  for  the  Empire. 
As  the  problem  stands  at  present,  we  have  on  the  one  side  in  all 
crowded  centres  a  surplus  of  hands  and  a  deficiercy  of  bread  and 
money.  Mr.  Giffens's  statistics  go,  I  think,  to  prove  that  we  pro- 
duce every  day  in  England  alone  1,200  pairs  of  arms  more  than  we 
want,  assuming  the  present  density  of  population  to  be  sufficient.  We 
have  on  the  other  side  in  the  outlying  portions  of  the  Empire 
immense  beds  of  natural  wealth  :  corn  and  meat  and  wine  and  gold 
are  waiting  only  for  hands  to  bring  them  out  of  the  earth  in  which 
they  lie.  The  question  is  one  of  intelligent  organisation.  How  to 
get  this  labour  on  to  that  land  ?  If  it  were  solved  our  surplus 
pairs  of  arms  should  become  no  less  valuable  as  an  export  to  us 
than  surplus  wool  or  mutton  is  to  Australia.  It  seems  incon- 
ceivable that  with  the  factors  of  the  sum  so  plain,  and  the  need  to 
find  the  solution  so  pressing,  it  should  remain  for  ever  without 
an  answer. 

Australia,  at  least,  is  making  a  vigorous  attempt  to  find  the  answer. 
The  want  of  capital,  it  is  said,  is  the  great  difficulty.  Again,  intel- 
ligence replies  that  capital  to  invest  in  a  really  profitable  enterprise 
can  never  be  long  wanting.  Apart  this  labour  and  that  wealth  are 
useless.  Together  they  become  practically  priceless,  and  can  well 
afford  to  pay  for  the  little  link  which  joins  them.  Australia,  where 
the  wealth  that  is  in  her  soil  is  better  known  than  it  can  be  any- 
where else,  has  not  feared  to  act  upon  this  view.  The  little  link 
is  to  be  supplied.  The  cultivator,  it  is  presumed,  will  in  his 
bettered  circumstances  be  able  to  repay  both  capital  and  interest.  But 
if  the  experiment  succeeds,  Australia  will  want  labour  for  generations 
to  come.  There  will  be  an  end  of  the  refusal  to  admit  the  working 
man.  He  will  be  a  factor  in  the  sum  of  national  wealth.  His 
presence  will  be  as  much  desired  as  it  is  now  in  some  circles 
dreaded.  For  he  will  no  longer  hang  about  the  towns  dividing 
with  an  already  overstocked  labour  market  the  small  amount  of 
what  may  be  called  secondary  employment,  which  the  wants  of 
civilisation  provide  for  those  who  have  the  skill  to  satisfy  them. 
He  will  go  straight  out  upon  the  land  and  produce  wealth  where 
there  was  none  before.  There  need  be  practically  no  limit  to  the 
employment  of  this  class  of  labour  until  every  acre  of  unoccupied 


The  Australian  Outlook.  241 

land  is  not  only  taken  up,  but  producing  all  that  science  and  nature 
can  enable  it  to  produce. 

I  have  tried  to  show  that  in  temperate  Australia  the  labour 
which  is  likely  to  be  employed  upon  land  will  be  of  an  in- 
creasingly high  intellectual  level.  I  think  it  can  hardly  be 
doubted  that  the  conditions  of  agricultural  occupation  will  tend 
more  and  more  to  become  agreeable,  and  it  is  easily  conceiv- 
able that  if  these  State  experiments  in  land  settlement  succeed, 
and  it  comes  to  be  generally  known  in  England  that  an  intelligent 
workman  has  only  to  go  out  to  Australia  in  order  to  find 
himself  after  a  few  months'  residence  qualified  to  take  up 
land  under  Australian  laws,  to  borrow  money  upon  that  land  from 
Government,  and  then  to  have  a  fair  chance  of  working  his  way  to 
the  position  of  an  independent  landowner,  the  first  effect  of  the 
movement  may  be  to  deprive  us  rather  of  our  better  class  labouring 
population  than  of  those  nondescript  masses  who  are  at  present 
classed  under  the  name  of  "  the  unemployed."  It  will  be  in  the  first 
instance  our  loss,  and  correspondingly  Australia's  gain.  But  if  by 
such  a  general  moving  onwards  a  lower  layer  of  English  labour 
rises  to  take  the  place  from  which  in  the  present  fierce  press  of 
competition  it  is  squeezed  out,  and  room  is  made  by  a  natural 
easing  of  the  situation  for  inferior  labour  in  the  cheap  ranks,  to 
which  alone  it  can  aspire,  a  very  great  contribution  will  surely  have 
been  made  to  the  settlement  of  the  social  questions  that  now 
agitate  the  world. 

I  have,  I  hope,  indicated  some  reasons  for  believing  that 
the  Australian  outlook  is  one  which  promises  prosperity  and 
interest  to  Australia,  and  is  at  the  same  time  replete  with  pos- 
sibilities of  general  advantage  to  the  Empire.  These  are  the 
possibilities  which  render  the  consideration  of  Imperial  ques- 
tions so  intimately  and  engrossingly  attractive.  If  it  be  true,  as  we 
are  constantly  told  by  social  reformers,  that  the  difficulty  in  such  a 
country  as  ours  is  the  want  of  room ;  if  by  expansion  we  can  give 
the  room  and  then  find  that  the  people  of  our  own  race  in  all 
portions  of  the  world  where  they  are  organising  the  development 
of  this  expanded  Empire  are  in  very  truth  providing  opportunity  for 
the  happier,  healthier,  more  intelligent,  and  more  prosperous  life  of 
the  multitude  ;  that  natural  conditions,  instead  of  being  against,  are 
in  these  circumstances  in  favour  of  the  majority  ;  that  children  born 
hereafter  will  have  their  chances  of  being  born  to  joy  indefinitely 
increased  by  the  extension  of  the  area  of  civilisation  which  this 
century  has  witnessed — then,  I  think,  we  may  legitimately  feel  that 


242  The  Australian  Outlook. 

the  work  of  Empire-making  is  work  in  which  none  of  us  need  be 
ashamed  to  join. 

Australia  is  specially  interesting  as  a  field  of  social  development, 
and  I  have  been  asked  to-night  to  speak  of  Australia.  But  had  I 
been  asked  to  speak  of  South  Africa  or  of  Canada,  there  would  have 
been  no  less  to  say  of  the  always  increasing  value  of  these  great 
Colonial  groups.  Each  has  its  problems  no  less  interesting  than 
those  of  Australia,  and  there  is  one  question  common  to  the  out- 
look of  all  three  which.  I  cannot  quit  the  subject  of  the  Australian 
future  without  touching.  It  is  the  question  of  separation  from  the 
Empire. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  left  in  the  mind  of  anyone  who  has 
enjoyed  the  opportunity  of  free  discussion  in  Australia  that  it  is  a 
subject  which  occupies  much  local  thought.  Some  of  the  best 
aspirations  of  the  rising  generation  are  centred  upon  the  ideal, 
which  they  believe  to  be  a  patriotic  and  disinterested  one,  of  an 
entirely  independent  national  life.  The  radical  democratic  ideal 
may,  I  think,  generally  be  said  to  favour  separation.  A  good  deal 
of  the  mature  liberal  thought  of  Australia  preserving  the  remem- 
brance of  what  used  to  be  resented  as  undue  interference  from 
home  in  local  affairs,  and  not  fully  recognising  perhaps  how  entirely 
any  desire  to  interfere  has  passed  from  the  traditions  of  the  Colonial 
Office,  is  disposed  also  to  nourish  the  belief  that  the  best  possibilities 
of  the  Australian  future  can  only  be  attained  under  conditions  of 
complete  freedom  from  Imperial  restrictions. 

These  different  currents  of  thought,  although  restrained  by  practi- 
cal considerations  from  any  possibility  of  becoming  effective,  at  pre- 
sent are  very  strong.  They  carry  with  them  some  of  the  most 
thoroughly  respect-worthy  sections  of  Australian  opinion,  and  they 
deserve  very  serious  consideration.  Against  them  there  is  still,  fortu- 
nately, from  the  point  of  view  of  those  of  us  who  care  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  unity  of  the  Empire,  to  be  put  what  may,  I  think,  at  present 
be  described  as  a  much  stronger  collective  body  of  opinion  in  favour 
of  a  continuance  of  the  Imperial  tie.  The  question  of  the  future  is, 
Which  of  these  two  bodies  is  likely  to  gain  in  strength  ?  To  us,  as 
English  people,  it  is  a  question  which  outbalances  in  importance  every 
other  that  can  be  asked  about  Australia.  We  should  like  to  know  for 
certain  when  we  speak  of  Australia  whether  we  are  speaking  of  our  own 
country  or  not.  If  not,  we  must  necessarily  approach  Australian  ques- 
tions in  a  different  spirit.  The  wonder  and  the  wealth  of  the  new 
continent  will  be  always  interesting,  but  they  will  be  no  longer  our 
concern.  If,  on  the  contrary,  Australia  is  to  remain  with  us,  and  the 


The  Australian  Outlook.  243 

Empire,  at  the  creation  of  which  we  are  assisting,  is  to  be  the 
inheritance  of  our  children,  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  of  any- 
thing which  concerns  us  more  intimately  than  the  future  of  this  vast 
estate. 

The  prospect  which  is  involved  is  equally  important  to  all 
citizens  of  the  existing  Empire.  It  presents  to  all  of  us,  whichever 
portion  of  the  Empire  we  inhabit,  exactly  the  same  alternative  of 
being  the  citizens  of  a  greater  or  a  smaller  State,  and  of  bearing  our 
part  in  a  greater  or  a  smaller  national  life.  We  cannot  lose 
Australia  without  Australia  also  losing  us.  If  the  question  of  the 
predominance  of  the  forces  which  make  for  unity  or  for  separation 
is  the  most  important  of  all  questions  for  us  in  the  Australian  out- 
look, it  is  no  less  important  for  Australia.  I  think  that  few  thought- 
ful Australians  would  be  prepared  to  give  an  absolutely  decided 
opinion  one  way  or  the  other  as  to  the  event.  All  that  can  be  done 
is  to  reckon  up  the  forces  on  either  side,  and  endeavour  to  clear  our 
minds  a  little  as  to  the  causes  which  tend  to  produce  or  to  develop 
them. 

Such  a  task  lies  beyond  the  scope  of  my  present  Paper,  but  I 
would  like  to  mention  one  among  what  must  have  been  regarded 
once  as  the  natural  forces  making  for  disintegration,  which  seems 
likely  to  yield  more  and  more  to  the  influences  of  modern  develop- 
ment. It  is  the  ignorance  of  the  Colonies  with  regard  to  each 
other.  I  fancy  that  no  traveller  round  the  Empire  can  fail  to  be 
struck  with  the  fact  that,  while  each  of  the  outlying  parts  knows 
something  of  England,  and  takes  interest  in  what  happens  at  home, 
none  of  them  know  or  care  anything  for  each  other.  Canada  knows 
nothing  of  Australia,  Australia  ignores  South  Africa,  South  Africa 
is  profoundly  indifferent  to  them  both.  This  state  of  feeling,  if  it 
continued,  must  end  in  disintegration.  But  the  signs  are  hopeful 
that  it  will  not  continue.  Not  many  years  ago  we  were  nearly  as 
ignorant  here  of  all  the  Colonies  as  they  are  now  of  each  other. 
The  development  of  easy  and  rapid  communication,  bringing  with  it 
an  immense  increase  in  our  Colonial  trade,  has  relegated  that  state 
of  things  to  ancient  history.  The  affairs  of  the  Colonies  are  watched 
here  now  with  an  interest  which  grows  greater  every  day.  The 
same  causes  seem  likely  to  bring  about  the  same  result  between 
the  Colonies  themselves.  Inter-Imperial  communication  is  being 
rapidly  developed.  In  the  year  which  has  just  closed  it  has  been, 
for  the  first  time,  made  possible  to  travel  by  steam  round  the 
the  world  without  touching  any  but  British  territory.  The  establish- 
ment of  the  Canadian- Australian  line  of  steamers  between  Sydney 


244  The  Australian  Outlook. 

and  Vancouver  has  clasped  the  girdle  of  the  Empire,  and  has  already 
so  stimulated  the  intercourse  between  Canada  and  Australia  that 
the  demand  for  cable  communication  across  the  Pacific  has  become 
urgent.  A  scheme  has  been  drawn  up  for  the  construction  of  it 
which  may  or  may  not  be  practical.  That  is  a  question  for  experts 
to  decide.  A  conference  in  any  case  is  to  assemble  in  Canada  in 
June  to  consider  the  possibility  of  providing  funds  from  the  Colonial 
exchequers  for  the  execution  of  the  scheme  if  accepted.  If  this  year 
is  to  give  us  the  beginning  of  cable  communication  between  two 
great  groups  of  Colonies  across  the  Pacific,  and  the  establishment, 
as  it  is  hoped  that  it  may  do,  of  a  new  fast  line  of  Atlantic  steamers 
from  an  English  to  a  Canadian  port,  besides  bringing  to  successful 
fruition  some  of  the  schemes  for  an  extended  trade  with  each  other 
and  with  us  that  Colonial  Governments  have  been  active  in  de- 
veloping, a  big  step  will  have  been  made  in  the  direction  of 
Imperial  unity.  To  know  each  other  better  is,  I  strongly  believe, 
all  that  we  need  in  order  to  realise  how  impossible  it  is  to  let  each 
other  go.  Channels  of  communication,  if  this  is  so,  are  at  once  the 
gentlest  and  the  strongest,  the  most  insidious  and  the  most  irresistible 
of  the  bonds  of  union,  and  it  is  hardly  possible  in  this  connection 
to  exaggerate  the  importance  of  the  development  of  inter-Imperial 
intercourse. 

It  may  be  that  every  one  of  the  great  groups  of  Colonies  contains 
all  the  elements  that  go  to  the  building  up  of  nations,  and  that  the 
desire  which  they  experience  for  a  national  life  is  legitimate  and 
inevitable.  If  so,  this  is  no  reason  for  separation.  It  has  been  the 
pride  of  British  administration  that  it  has  known  how  to  nourish 
the  dignity  and  respect  the  independence  of  its  subjects  in  all  parts 
of  the  world.  In  dealing  with  the  developments  of  the  future  the 
word  finality  has  no  place.  And  if  we  are  to  have  unity  in  no  other 
form,  a  race  which  has  already  given  to  history  the  United  States 
of  America  has  no  need  to  flinch  from  an  ideal  of  the  United 
Nations  of  Great  Britain. 

DISCUSSION. 

Sir  JAMES  GARRICK,  K.C.M.G. :  I  consider  myself  extremely 
fortunate  in  having  had  the  opportunity  of  hearing  Miss  Shaw's 
Paper,  but  after  all  it  is  but  an  additional  contribution — but  one 
more  link  in  the  chain  of  important  services  Miss  Shaw  has 
rendered  not  only  to  Australasia  but  to  all  the  Colonies  of  this 
Empire  for  several  years  past.  Miss  Shaw  had  available  in  this 


The  Australian  Outlook.  245 

country  the  very  best  sources  of  information  with  respect  to 
Australasia.  This  information  was  derived  not  only  from  books 
and  statistics  but  from  personal  sources,  and  all  of  us  who  repre- 
sented the  Colonies  in  this  country  had  at  all  times  the  greatest 
pleasure  in  communicating  to  Miss  Shaw  all  we  ourselves  knew, 
and  in  placing  at  her  disposal  official  information,  so  that  she 
might  go  forth  as  completely  equipped  as  possible,  as  representative 
of  the  Colonies  in  the  press  of  England.  But  I  am  glad  to  say 
Miss  Shaw  resolved  to  see  for  herself,  and  I  wish  many  of  our 
public  men  would  follow  her  in  this.  She  determined  to  see 
whether  all  she  had  heard  and  read  could  be  justified.  For  all 
who  are  interested  in  the  Colonies,  I  think  her  visit  was  a  piece  of 
good  fortune,  for  there  resulted  from  it  a  series  of  articles  wonder- 
fully complete  and  accurate.  Queensland  was  almost  conspicuously 
dealt  with.  I  hardly  know  whether  Miss  Shaw  liked  our  Colony 
or  not,  but  I  do  know,  though  I  dare  not  say  in  her  presence,  what 
golden  opinions  she  won  from  all  politicians  and  from  all  sorts  and 
conditions  of  colonists  during  her  sojourn  there.  She  honoured 
the  Colony  by  giving  it  wide  notice  in  her  letters.  So  much  was  I 
impressed  with  what  she  said  on  several  leading  matters  that,  on 
my  own  initiative,  afterwards  sanctioned  by  my  own  Government, 
I  circulated  them  broadcast  in  this  country.  We  who  are  inter- 
ested in  Australasia  do  not  want  persons  to  see  only  with  our  eyes 
— to  hold,  as  it  were,  a  brief  for  us.  On  the  other  hand,  we  do 
object  to  persons  forming  their  impressions  first  and  then  en- 
deavouring to  write  up  to  them  afterwards.  What  we  seek  is  intelli- 
gent but  impartial  criticism,  and  I  am  glad  to  say  that  in  Miss  Shaw 
we  have  found  a  critic  intelligent  and  impartial,  and  we  are  satisfied 
with  the  representations  she  has  felt  herself  justified  in  making,  though 
we  may  not  in  every  particular  agree  with  these.  I  do  not  intend  to 
go  through  the  many  matters  Miss  Shaw  has  dealt  with,  but  I  had 
a  little  curiosity  to  know  how  she  would  steer  her  course,  and  I  could 
not  help  feeling  she  was  right  in  avoiding  what  I  may  say  is,  at 
the  present  moment,  the  barren  track  of  financial  criticism  and 
Australasian  extravagance.  In  one  paragraph  of  the  Paper,  Miss 
Shaw  says  :  "  The  extraordinary  elasticity  with  which  Australia 
has  recovered  from  a  financial  crisis  that  might  have  been  expected 
to  throw  her  back  for  a  generation  is  for  the  moment  a  sufficient 
illustration  of  what  I  mean."  I  can  only  say  I  hope  our  hostile 
critics  have  arrived  at  the  opinion  Miss  Shaw  has  indicated ;  but  if 
they  have  not,  Miss  Shaw  has  clearly  pointed  out  the  course  which, 
even  in  the  opinion  of  the  persons  to  whom  I  refer,  must  pull  us 


246  The  Australian  Outlook. 

out  of  the  difficulties  into  which  they  allege  we  have  got.  She  says 
truly  that  what  we  have  to  do  is  to  develop  our  resources,  now  we 
have  learnt  two  lessons.  We  admit  freely  that  both  people  and 
Governments  of  the  Australian  Colonies  have  been  extravagant.  We 
also  admit  we  have  neglected  those  resources  Miss  Shaw  has  so 
eloquently  described.  We  have  made  resolutions  that  we  will  be 
prudent.  W7e  have  resolved  to  devote  ourselves  energetically  to  the 
development  of  the  great  estate  we  have  the  good  fortune  to  possess. 
It  is  not  merely  a  resolution,  however,  for  both  Governments  and 
people  are  striving  to  live  within  their  means,  and  they  are  doing  it ; 
and,  next,  they  are  learning  not  to  live  on  money  derived  from  this 
country,  but,  rather,  on  the  resources  extracted  from  Nature  herself. 
Having  resolved  on  these  two  things,  and  pursuing  them,  there  is  no 
doubt  whatever,  I  think,  that  we  shall  arrive,  even  in  the  opinion  of 
hostile  critics,  at  that  state  of  soundness  and  prosperity  we  never 
perhaps  should  have  lost.  Miss  Shaw's  ideal  is  the  unity  of  the 
Empire.  For  myself,  looking  at  the  map  of  the  vast  territory  we 
possess,  I  cannot  say — no  man  can  say — what  will  be  the  ultimate 
position  of  the  great  Colonies ;  but  I  do  say  that,  so  far  as  one  can 
at  present  see,  there  is  a  sufficient  field  for  the  efforts  of  the  most 
ardent  patriot  in  assisting  to  consolidate  the  great  Empire  of  which 
we  are  a  part. 

Sir  SAUL  SAMUEL,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B. :  I  am  quite  certain  you  will 
agree  with  me  that  we  have  this  evening  heard  a  most  able  and 
eloquent  Paper,  the  result  of  Miss  Shaw's  visit  to  Australia. 
Those  who  know  those  Colonies  must  have  marvelled  at  the  extra- 
ordinary way  in  which  that  lady  travelled  over  the  country,  in  a 
manner  very  few  men  would  have  done,  encountering  and  defying 
difficulties  which  would  have  been  faced  with  reluctance  by  expe- 
rienced bushmen.  She  has  acquired  information  with  which  very 
few  people,  even  those  long  resident  in  the  Colonies,  are  acquainted, 
and  she  has  imparted  this  to  us  this  evening  in  a  manner  which 
must  be  agreeably  surprising  to  all  present.  I  notice  Miss  Shaw 
speaks  of  Australia  as  not  having  a  past — not  having  a  history. 
Now  from  one  point  of  view  I  think  Australia  has  a  marvellous 
history.  I  can  recollect — and  I  am  not  a  very  old  man — when  the 
whole  population  of  Australasia  was  only  120,000 ;  now  it  is  4,000,000 ; 
when  New  South  Wales  was,  in  fact,  all  Australia,  and  the  other  Aus- 
tralian Colonies  had  no  existence  on  the  map  of  the  world.  I  can 
remember  too  the  time  when  the  whole  trade  was  not  more  than 
£120,000  ;  it  now  amounts  to  £°120,000,000.  Is  not  this  a  wonderful 
progress — a  history  of  which  any  country  may  be  proud  ?  It  is  said 


The  Australian  Outlook.  247 

the  Australasian  Colonies  are  indebted  to  the  extent  of  £200,000,000 ; 
hut  what  has  heen  done  with  this?  We  have  settled  4,000,000 
people  on  the  lands  of  the  country,  and  we  have  made  a  trade  for  Eng- 
land, which  has  benefited  the  old  country  as  much  as  the  Colonies. 
Miss  Shaw  has  proved  herself  a  true  friend  to  the  Colonies,  as  by  her 
able  writings  in  her  articles  in  the  Times  she  has  set  forth  some 
facts  with  regard  to  the  Colonies  which  were  an  able  defence  against 
the  libellous  publications  in  which  the  Australasian  Colonies  were 
traduced  in  a  manner  almost  unparalleled ;  and  not  satisfied  with 
having  brought  ruin  on  many  thousands  of  people,  some  of  these 
writers  are  now  trying  to  produce  the  same  effect  in  this  country 
by  their  attacks  on  the  Bank  of  England.  The  financial  panic  in 
the  Australian  Colonies  has  been  indeed  most  serious  ;  but  their 
recuperative  power  is  so  great  that  already  they  are  recovering,  and 
the  capitalists  of  the  Mother  Country  have  regained  confidence,  and 
the  securities  of  Australia  are  now  favourite  stocks  on  the  English 
market.  On  behalf  of  the  Colony  I  represent  I  beg  to  thank  Miss 
Shaw  most  sincerely  for  the  valuable  Paper  she  has  so  eloquently 
read  to  us  this  evening. 

Lieut-General  Sir  ANDREW  CLARKE,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  C.I.E. :  I 
should  have  liked  to  have  seen  this  assembly  depart  after  the  reading 
of  the  Paper  with  the  echoes  of  Miss  Shaw's  eloquent  words  still 
vibrating  in  their  ears,  so  that  the  impression  might  not  be  in  any 
degree  blurred  and  obliterated  by  subsequent  discussion.  That  is 
my  own  feeling  in  the  matter.  But  being  called  upon  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  a  Colony  and  of  a  country  with  which  more  than  nearly 
forty  years  ago  I  had  some  little  to  do  I  could  not  fail  to  respond 
to  the  challenge.  I  will  only  say,  with  reference  to  this  very 
remarkable  Paper,  that  I  look  on  that  Paper  as  the  beneficial  result 
of  Miss  Shaw's  mission  from  this  country  to  the  Australian 
Colonies,  and  that  it  will  be  regarded  there  as  constituting  an 
additional  tie  with  the  Mother  Country.  It  is  not  only  a  practical 
Paper ;  it  is,  what  is  much  more  important,  a  highly  sympathetic 
Paper  ;  and  sympathy  in  these  matters  does  much  more  to  build  up 
an  Empire  than  any  mere  piling  up  of  the  facts  of  progress  and 
prosperity.  I  shall  content  myself,  then,  with  offering  to  Miss 
Shaw,  on  behalf  of  the  Colony  I  represent,  our  grateful  thanks  for 
what  she  has  done  in  tho  heart  of  the  Empire  this  night.  This 
Paper  has,  with  reference  to  the  Australian  Colonies,  great  signifi- 
cance, and,  further,  I  believe  that  within  its  four  corners  are  con- 
tained elements  which,  properly  applied  by  thoughtful  and  foreseeing 
statesmen,  will  be  fruitful  in  guiding  the  destinies  of  this  Empire 


248  The  Australian  Outlook. 

as  a  whole,  and  binding  still  closer  together  its  various  parts  ill 
union  and  common  sympathy. 

Mr.  SANDFOBD  FLEMING,  C.M.G. :  As  I  am  perhaps  the  last 
arrival  from  Australia,  I  feel  that  I  should  be  among  the  first  to 
express  the  pleasure  I  have  had  in  listening  to  the  remarkable 
Paper  which  has  just  been  read,  full  of  thought,  full  of  information, 
and  clothed  in  the  most  graceful  language.  I  must,  however,  leave  to 
other  speakers,  better  fitted  to  perform  it,  the  pleasant  duty  of  saying 
how  much  we  are  indebted  to  the  lady  who  has  just  addressed  us. 
I  will  simply  remark  that  I  was  passing  through  London  from  Aus- 
tralia to  Canada,  and  hearing  of  Miss  Shaw's  Paper  delayed  my 
departure  until  the  morrow  in  order  to  hear  it,  and  I  have  been 
amply  rewarded  for  remaining  longer  in  London.  I  am  full  of  the 
subject  myself,  and  would  like  to  say  a  great  deal  about  Australia, 
a  country  of  amazing  natural  wealth  and  wonderful  possibilities. 
I  should  like,  too,  to  refer  to  my  cordial  reception  in  every  Colony  I 
visited — Queensland,  New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  and  South  Aus- 
tralia— and  express  my  deep  regret  that  the  time  at  my  disposal  did 
not  admit  of  visiting  all  the  Colonies,  more  especially  New  Zealand. 
I  will  confine  my  remarks,  and  they  will  be  but  a  few  words,  to  the 
concluding  sentences  of  the  Paper.  I  quite  agree  with  Miss  Shaw 
that  Canada  and  Australia  know  practically  nothing  of  each  other ; 
and  why  do  they  know  so  little  ?  Did  they  not  spring  from  the 
same  origin  ?  Do  they  not  speak  the  same  language  ?  Are  they 
not  goveined  by  the  same  laws  ?  Have  they  not  the  same  aspira- 
tions ?  And  under  the  same  flag  do  they  not  look  forward  to  having 
the  same  mission  and  destiny  ?  To  realise  the  noblest  hopes  of 
these  now  separated  peoples  they  should,  as  Miss  Shaw  has  so  well 
pointed  out,  be  united  as  closely  as  possible  by  the  best  means  of 
intercourse  which  science  and  art  can  devise.  It  is  felt  that  by 
thus  drawing  these  two  great  divisions  of  the  Empire  nearer  to- 
gether both  will  be  brought  nearer  to  the  heart  of  the  Empire 
here  in  these  little  islands.  The  first  practical  steps  have  been 
taken  to  accomplish  this  end.  A  line  of  excellent  steamers  has 
been  established,  and  in  some  respects  these  steamers  are  the  best 
if  they  are  not  the  largest  I  have  ever  travelled  in.  It  is  hoped 
before  long  to  have  even  faster  steamers  and  many  more  of  them. 
One  thing  more  is  needed — a  cable  across  the  Pacific  Ocean  is  of 
primary  importance,  and  practical  steps  in  that  direction  have  like- 
wise been  taken.  The  Canadian  Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce, 
Mr.  Bowell,  has  been  on  a  visit  to  Australia  in  relation  to  trade  and 
telegraphic  connection,  and  nothing  could  have  been  heartier  than 


The  Australian  Outlook.  249 

the  reception  given  by  everyone  to  his  proposals.  The  outcome  of 
it  all  is  that  a  conference  is  to  take  place  in  Canada  in  a  few  months, 
when  Australian  statesmen  will  among  other  things  see  before  them 
a  great  object  lesson,  which  will  be  of  service  to  them  at  home. 
They  will  see  a  number  of  provinces  once  disunited  and  separated 
now  united  to  each  other  in  a  great  Dominion,  and  they  will  return 
to  the  southern  hemisphere  imbued  with  that  spirit  of  union  which 
will  enable  them  to  carry  out  what  they  so  much  require — federation 
among  themselves. 

Mr.  J.  F.  HOGAN,  M.P. :  I  think  there  will  be  absolute  unanimity 
in  the  opinion  that  the  first  contribution  of  a  lady  to  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  has  been  an  unqualified  success, 
and  that,  as  regards  literary  merit,  closeness  of  reasoning,  careful 
collection  of  facts,  and  well-informed  soundness  of  judgment,  the 
Paper  we  have  just  heard  read  need  fear  no  comparison  with  any  of 
the  Papers  contributed  by  the  many  distinguished  men  who  have 
appeared  on  the  platform  of  the  Institute  during  the  past  twenty- 
five  years.     Most  of  us  have  no  doubt  read  the  admirable  series  of 
"  Letters  from  Australia  "  which  Miss  Shaw  recently  contributed  to 
the  Times — a  journalistic  performance  calculated  to  make  the  most 
gifted  of  male  special  correspondents  feel  somewhat  uneasy  as  to 
the  retention  of  their  laurels.     In  the  Paper  of  this  evening  Miss 
Shaw  bases  a  forecast  of  the  Australian  future  on  the  observations 
and  impressions  gathered  during  her  extensive  Colonial  tour.     The 
forecast,  coming  as  it  does  from  a  very  acute  observer,  and  the  pos- 
sessor of  the  latest  first-hand  information  on  the  Australia  of  the 
present,  is  certainly  entitled  to  the  highest  respect  and  attention. 
To  me  the  most  interesting  and  striking  portion  of  Miss  Shaw's 
forecast  is  the  distinction  she  draws  between  temperate  and  tropical 
Australia,  and  the   different   lines  on  which   they  are  likely  to 
develop.      To  those  like  myself  who  have  spent  most  of  their  lives 
in  Australia,  and  have  insensibly  come  to  regard  it  as  a  homo- 
geneous continent,  this  distinction  has  not  appealed  very  directly 
as   an  element   of    special    importance   in  estimating  the   prob- 
abilities of  the  future  ;   but  Miss  Shaw  has  certainly  given  the 
case   a   new   and    important   complexion,    and   provided   us   with 
much  food  for  thought.     I  agree  with  Miss  Shaw  in  the  opinion 
that  the    problem    of   transplanting   the   surplus   labour  of   the 
Mother  Country  to  the  fertile,  far-reaching,  and  now  untenanted 
plains  of  interior  Australia  is  one  that  should  not  be  regarded  as  im- 
possible of  solution.     No  doubt  there  are  difficulties  in  the  way,  but 
they  are  difficulties  that  earnest-minded  and  far-seeing  statesmen 


250  The  Australian  Outlook. 

both  in  Great  Britain  and  Australia  could  soon  brush  aside  if  fully 
resolved  on  co-operating  in  this  great  Imperial  duty.  As  Miss  Shaw 
truly  says,  "  the  question  is  one  of  intelligent  organisation."  With 
respect  to  Miss  Shaw's  concluding  remarks  on  the  possibility  of  the 
severance  of  Australia  from  the  Empire,  I  am  disposed  to  think 
that  she  has  somewhat  exaggerated  the  strength  of  the  republican 
sentiment.  It  is  no  doubt  true  that  a  certain  amount  of  cheap  and 
irrepressible  republicanism  finds  vent  at  the  meetings  of  the  Aus- 
tralian Natives'  Associations  ;  but  too  much  importance  must  not  be 
attached  to  these  undisciplined  ebullitions  and  soaring  aspirations 
of  ardent  Colonial  youth.  It  would  also  be  a  great  mistake  to  draw 
hasty  conclusions  from  the  fact  that  the  one  Australian  republican 
weekly — the  Sydney  Bulletin— h&a  a  large  circulation  all  over  the 
continent.  Not  one  reader  in  a  hundred  glances  .at  or  is  in  the  least 
impressed  by  its  republican  editorials.  People  purchase  it  because 
it  is  a  lively,  original,  up-to-date  journal,  packed  with  items  of  news 
and  personal  gossip  not  accessible  elsewhere.  I  believe  that  in  the 
future,  as  in  the  past,  public  opinion  in  Australia  will  be  over- 
whelmingly in  favour  of  the  maintenance  of  the  Imperial  connection. 
Apart  altogether  from  patriotic  and  sentimental  motives,  it  is  not 
likely  that  the  great  body  of  thinking  and  intelligent  Australians, 
knowing  that  France  and  Germany  have  secured  footholds  in  their 
waters,  and  that  Russia  is  within  striking  distance  in  the  North 
Pacific,  will  lightly  cast  off  that  Imperial  protection  which  is  now 
the  surest  and  the  strongest  guarantee  for  the  peace,  progress,  and 
prosperity  of  all  our  great  Colonies. 

The  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of  BRISBANE  :  I  entirely  sym- 
pathise with  the  remarks  of  a  previous  speaker  in  one  point,  viz. 
that  we  should  have  done  well  if  after  hearing  Miss  Shaw's  Paper 
we  had  departed  in  silence,  and  not  have  allowed  our  attention  to 
be  diverted  by  any  subsequent  remarks.  As  one  thinks  of  the  Paper, 
one  may  contrast  its  thoughtful  utterances  with  those  inflictions 
from  which  we  sometimes  suffer  at  the  hands  of  some  who  are  com- 
monly known  as  "  globe-trotters."  Too  often  it  has  been  the  case  that 
persons  have  come  to  Australian  shores,  and  enjoyed  Australian 
.hospitality  for  a  few  days,  and  then  have  gone  home,  deeming  them- 
.  selves  competent  to  write  an  exhaustive  account  of  Australia  and 
the  Australians.  Miss  Shaw  has  happily  taught  us  a  very  different 
lesson.  Not  only  has  she  in  the  most  painstaking  manner  investi- 
gated all  the  facts  for  herself,  but  she  has  shown,  moreover,  that 
she  is  possessed  of  that  penetration  which  sees  at  once  the  bearing 
of  the  facts  ;  and  her  Paper,  which  none  of  us  can  forget,  lays  us 


The  Australian  Outlook.  251 

under  a  deep  obligation.  If  we  were  to  sum  up  in  a  single  sentence 
the  practical  and  immediate  outcome  of  the  Paper,  it  would  be  this, 
that  the  primary  need  of  Australia,  as  a  condition  of  advance,  is  more 
population.  I  lay  stress  on  that,  because  from  my  own  experience 
I  know  that,  particularly  among  the  working  classes,  there  is  at 
this  moment  a  great  delusion  prevalent,  viz.  that  there  are  too 
many  people  in  Australia, — and,  indeed,  some  few  are  finding  their 
way  back.  Now,  I  think  that  Miss  Shaw's  Paper  has  made  it 
abundantly  clear  that  what  we  are  suffering  from  is  rather  the 
absence  of  adequate  population — population  of  the  right  sort. 
You  have  sometimes,  perhaps,  sent  out  to  your  Colonies  persons  of 
the  wrong  sort.  There  are  persons  who  come  out — I  will  not  say 
that  they  expect  to  pick  up  gold  in  Queen  Street,  for  they  do 
not  expect  to  take  so  much  trouble.  They  expect  to  lean  against 
the  lamp-post  at  the  street  corner,  while  somebody  else  picks  it  up 
and  hands  it  to  them.  If  we  were  to  get  consignments  of  the  better 
class  of  labour — men  fitted  for  the  work  which  waits  to  be  done — 
we  should  begin  to  solve  some  of  those  problems  which  still  await 
solution.  I  join  with  those  who  have  already  spoken  in  tendering 
to  Miss  Shaw— whom  it  was  my  privilege  to  meet  in  Queensland — 
our  most  sincere  thanks  for  her  eminently  suggestive  and  valuable 
Paper. 

Mr.  H.  B.  HALLENSTEIN  (New  Zealand)  :  The  substance  of 
what  I  had  intended  to  say  has  already  been  expressed  by  previous 
speakers,  and  I  will  therefore  detain  you  for  only  one  moment  to 
say  that,  having  resided  for  something  like  forty  years  in  Australia 
and  New  Zealand,  and  travelled  a  great  deal  through  those  countries, 
I  can  bear  testimony  to  the  very  able  manner  in  which  Miss  Shaw 
has  treated  the  subject.  I  have  seen  the  ups  and  downs  of  New 
Zealand,  which  some  years  ago  passed  through  a  similar  crisis  to 
that  which  has  been  experienced  by  the  Australian  Colonies,  and  I 
am  able  to  say  that  in  my  opinion  Miss  Shaw  has  well  gauged  the 
future  of  Australia. 

Sir  ROBERT  G.  W.  HERBERT,  G.C.B. :  I  am  obliged  to  our  Chair- 
man for  giving  me  the  opportunity  of  saying  how  cordially  I  endorse 
all  the  compliments  paid  this  evening  to  Miss  Shaw.  I  have  had 
some  peculiar  opportunities  of  observing  Miss  Shaw's  remarkable 
ability  in  acquiring  information  in  regard  to  Colonial  problems,  and 
her  great  capacity  in  solving  them.  When  I  was  at  the  Colonial 
Office  she  used  occasionally  to  visit  me  for  the  purpose  of  seeking 
such  explanations  as  I  might  be  able  to  give  her,  but  those  visits 
generally  resulted  in  my  receiving  some  of  that  information  which, 


252  The  Australian  Outlook. 

you  have  been  led  to  understand,  Downing  Street  is  generally  defi- 
cient in.  Miss  Shaw  has  devoted  herself  most  successfully  to 
Colonial  policy,  and  she  has  given  us  to-night,  as  you  see,  a  very 
thoughtful  and  statesmanlike  exposition  of  the  Australian  situation. 
It  must  be  the  feeling  of  all  members  of  this  Institute.  I  think  that 
the  day  may  not  be  long  distant  when  she  will  give  us  her  observa- 
tions with  regard  to  some  other  principal  group  of  Colonies  ;  we  shall 
look  forward  to  that  day  with  impatient  interest.  I  do  not  think 
Miss  Shaw  has  it  in  her  heart  to  refuse  us,  although,  of  course,  we 
must  not  trespass  upon  her  good  nature  by  pressing  her  to  reappear 
here  at  too  early  a  date.  I  will  not  attempt  to  follow  in  detail  the 
admirable  Paper  we  have  heard  to-night,  because,  as  the  Lord 
Bishop  of  Brisbane  has  observed,  the  Paper  is  one  which  we  should 
do  well  to  take  home  with  us,  and  seriously  ponder  over  before 
attempting  any  criticism  of  it. 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  It  now  becomes  my  duty  to  propose  that  you 
should  give  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  to  the  eloquent  and  gifted  lady 
who  has  addressed  us  this  evening.  Every  speaker  has  declared 
how  admirably  Miss  Shaw  has  dealt  with  the  question,  and  this 
must  be  also  the  impression  of  everyone  present.  For  myself  I 
feel  that  no  words  of  mine  can  definitely  express  my  enthusiastic 
admiration  for  Miss  Shaw's  splendid  Paper,  which  will  form  one  of 
the  most  valuable,  as  well  as  instructive,  contributions  to  the 
archives  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute.  In  the  name  of  all  present 
to-night  I  beg  to  offer  her  our  best  and  warmest  thanks. 

Miss  SHAW  :  I  cannot  thank  you  enough  for  the  extremely 
kind  reception  you  have  given  me  to-night.  I  can  only  say  that  it 
is  a  continuation  of  the  kindness  and  help  which  I  have  received 
everywhere,  both  at  home  and  in  the  Colonies,  and  without  which 
it  would  have  been  impossible  for  me  to  do  my  work.  And  now  you 
will,  I  am  sure,  join  with  me  in  a  most  cordial  vote  of  thanks  to 
Sir  Frederick  Young  for  so  kindly  presiding  over  our  proceedings. 

The  Chairman  having  responded,  the  Meeting  terminated. 


253 


NOTICES   OF   NEW   BOOKS   RELATING   TO   THE 
COLONIES   AND    INDIA. 

(By  JAMES  R.  Boos6,  Librarian  E.C.I.) 


AUSTRALASIA. 

The  Antipodean  :  an  Illustrated  Annual.  Edited  by  George  Essex 
Evans,  and  John  Tighe  Ryan.  8vo.  Pp.  116.  London : 
Chatto  &  Windus.  1893.  (Price  Is.) 

This  annual,  which  made-  its  first  appearance  last  year,  continues  to 
maintain  its  high  tone  and  interesting  records  of  Australian  life  and 
character.  The  Editors  have  been  fortunate  in  securing  the  co-operation 
of  many  of  the  leading  literary  men  of  Australasia,  the  result  being  a 
collection  of  stories,  sketches,  and  verse  of  a  characteristically  Australasian 
tone,  colour,  and  flavour,  racy  of  the  soil,  and,  with  one  exception,  a  work 
of  Colonial  writers  and  artists  only.  Amongst  the  Authors  are  such 
well-known  names  as  Rolf  Boldrewood,  Eobert  Louis  Stevenson,  Sir 
Charles  Lilley,  Nat  Gould,  Ernest  Favenc,  &c.,  whilst  the  stories  comprise 
such  subjects  as  "Travel  Scenes  and  Fugitive  Thoughts  in  Maoriland," 
"An  Australian  Pantomiiie,"  "  Eacing  in  Australia,"  "Art  at  the 
Antipodes,"  "A  Tale  of  the  Western  Desert,"  &c.  The  illustrations, 
which  are  very  numerous,  are  well  drawn,  and  the  general  turn-out  of 
the  work  all  that  could  be  desired. 

Fraser,  Malcolm  A.  C. — Western  Australian  Year-look  for 
1892-93.  8vo.  Pp.  viii-275.  Perth.  1893. 

The  present  edition  of  this  annual  has  been  considerably  enlarged,  and 
now  contains  a  comprehensive  account  of  the  history  and  resources  of  the 
Colony,  which  has  been  thoroughly  revised  and  brought  up  to  date. 
Owing  to  the  recent  development  of  the  mineral  resources  of  the  Colony 
the  section  devoted  to  that  subject  embodies  a  very  complete  account  of 
the  recent  discoveries  of  gold  and  other  minerals  which  has  been  contri- 
buted by  Mr.  H.  P.  Woodward,  the  Government  Geologist.  Other 
subjects  of  equal  interest  to  those  outside  the  Colony,  viz.  its  financial 
position,  immigration,  fisheries,  agriculture,  &c.,  are  all  treated  in  a 
masterly  manner  by  the  Editor,  who  occupies  the  position  of  Registrar- 
General  of  the  Colony.  A  new  map  has  been  added,  containing  useful 
VOL.  XXV,— 3,  U 


254  Notices  of  Neto  Books. 

and  accurate  information  regarding  the  land  divisions,  gold  fields, 
stock  routes,  agricultural  areas,  steam  and  mail  routes,  railways  open 
and  in  course  of  construction,  telegraphs,  lighthouses,  rainfall,  &c.  As 
a  work  of  reference  the  Year-book  will  be  found  useful  alike  to  persons 
living  within  the  Colony  or  at  a  distance,  and  more  especially  to  that 
increasing  number  of  persons  who  are  looking  to  Western  Australia  as  a 
field  for  investment  and  settlement. 

Parsons,  Harold  G. — A  Handbook  to  Western  Australia  and  its 
Gold  Fields.  12mo.  Pp.  134.  London  :  Swan  Sonnenschein 
&Co.  1894. 

The  Author  of  this  handbook  makes  no  claifn  to  originality,  but  frankly 
states  that  he  has  been  mainly  dependent  upon  the  Year-books  of  the 
Registrar-  General,  the  Eeports  of  the  Government  Geologist,  and  of  the 
Agriculture  Commission,  as  well  as  the  Blue-books  and  Official  Keturns 
of  the  several  departments  for  the  information  which  he  has  embodied. 
The  Compiler  commences  by  giving  a  description  of  the  various  towns  of 
the  Colony,  and  then  deals  seriatim  with  its  agricultural  and  pastoral 
resources — wine-growing,  forest  resources,  geology,  and  the  various  gold 
fields  scattered  throughout  the  Colony,  including  the  Kimberley, 
Murchison,  Ashburton,  Coolgardie,  &c.  Regarding  the  latter,  which  has 
recently  attracted  so  much  attention  both  in  England  and  Australia,  the 
Author  states  that  in  August  last  there  were  about  3,000  men  at  and 
about  Coolgardie,  with  new  arrivals  reaching  the  Colony  at  the  rate  of 
several  hundreds  a  week.  Alluvial  gold  was  found  in  various  parts  of  the 
district ;  but,  as  has  so  often  been  the  case  in  other  parts  of  the  Colony, 
much  difficulty  was  experienced  from  the  outset  in  obtaining  water  even 
for  drinking.  This  difficulty  is  now  gradually  being  overcome,  and  the 
output  of  gold  rapidly  increasing ;  in  fact,  it  is  stated  that  of  late  the  total 
returns  from  Western  Australia  were  twice  as  large  as  were  the  returns 
from  South  Africa  seven  years  after  the  gold  fever  first  set  in  there.  Mr. 
Parsons  embodies  also  some  useful  information  regarding  work  and 
wages,  cost  of  living,  &c.,  together  with  many  hints  of  use  to  those 
contemplating  settlement  in  the  country. 

Stones1  Wellington,  Hawkes  Bay,  and  Taranaki  Directory,  and- 
Neio  Zealand  Annual,  1893-94.  8vo.  Pp.  xxvi-790,  Dune- 
din  :  Stone,  Son  &  Co.  (Price  12s.  Gd.) 

The  enterprising  Publishers  of  this  directory  have  considerably  increased 
the  scope  of  the  present  issue  of  the  work  by  embodying  much  additional 
information  regarding  the  districts  named  in  the  title.  In  compiling  such 
a  work  considerable  care  has  to  be  taken  in  order  to  render  it  complete, 
and  so  of  service  to  the  general  inquirer ;  but  the  information  embodied 
is  stated  to  have  been  obtained  by  means  of  a  house-to-house  canvass,  as 


Notices  of  New  Books*  255 

-.veil  as  from  official  sources.  The  work  is  not  confined  to  a  simple 
directory,  but  embraces  separate  directories  of  the  trades,  municipalities, 
societies,  &c,,  containing  local  information  which  is  difficult  of  access 
elsewhere.  The  New  Zealand  Annual,  which  is  attached,  comprises  a 
comprehensive  and  useful  almanac,  and  a  vast  amount  of  commercial, 
statistical,  and  general  information  relating  to  the  Colony  as  a  whole. 
The  work  is  one  which  cannot  fail  to  prove  of  great  value  to  the  com- 
mercial man  as  well  as  tp  that  section  of  the  general  public  in  any  way 
having  dealings,  or  connected,  with  New  Zealand. 

Eomilly,  Hugh  H.  (C.M.G.)—  Letters  from  the  Western  Pacific  and 
Hashonaland,  1878-91.  8vo.  Pp.  xii-384.  London: 
David  Nutt.  1893.  (Price  7s.  Gd.) 

The  letters  of  Hugh  Bomilly  which  are  contained  in  this  work  will  be 
read  with  considerable  interest  by  his  numerous  friends  in  various  parts  of 
the  world.  They  contain  incidents  in  the  life  of  one  who,  had  he  lived, 
would  undoubtedly  have  risen  to  high  distinction  in  connection  with  the 
Colonial  Empire  of  Great  Britain.  In  an  able  introduction  Lord  Stanmore 
bears  testimony  to  the  great  ability  displayed  at  all  times  and  under 
various  circumstances  by  Mr.  Eomilly  whilst  a  member  of  his  staff.  He 
states  :  "  He  had  a  quick  intelligence,  great  physical  strength,  and  an  easy 
temper,  and  he  knew  how  both  to  obey  and  command,"  qualities  most 
needed  in  the  administration,  of  a  rough  country.  Hugh  Eomilly,  being 
imbued  with  a  spirit  of  adventure,  set  forth  in  1879,  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
three,  to  seek  his  fortune  in  the  islands  of  the  Pacific,  an  opportunity 
having  offered  itself  of  accompanying  Sir  Arthur  Gordon  (now  Lord 
Stanmore)  in  his  capacity  of  Governor  of  the  Colony  of  Fiji.  He  started 
with  no  official  position  of  any  sort,  and  no  very  definite  prospect  beyond 
looking  about  him  in  the  young  Colony.  After,  however,  a  space  of  six 
months  an  official  position  as  stipendiary  magistrate  of  a  district  in  the 
Colony  was  given  him,  and  from  that  moment  his  future  career  was 
practically  ensured.  The  duties  of  a  magistrate  in  Fiji  at  that  time  were 
most  varied,  many  of  them  being  far  from  unimportant,  and  necessitating 
continual  travel  through  many  of  the  islands  of  the  South  Pacific.  In 
this  way  Mr.  Romilly  was  enabled  to  visit  in  an  official  capacity  the 
Friendly  Islands,  Eotumah,  Samoa,  &c.,  and  many  of  the  letters  from 
those  islands  are  well  worthy  of  perusal,  containing  interesting  details — in 
some  instances  of  little  importance,  although  amusing — of  events  in  con- 
nection with  the  history  and  administration  of  the  islands.  The  year 
1881  finds  Mr.  Eomilly  holding  the  position  of  Deputy  Commissioner  of 
the  Western  Pacific,  in  which  capacity  he  made  his  first  acquaintance 
with  New  Guinea  and  the  adjacent  islands,  and  in  which  country 
so  many  of  his  future  years  were  spent,  and  where  he  temporarily 
assumed  charge  of  the  protectorate.  Mr.  Eomilly's  references  to  the 
position  occupied  by  Queensland  in  regard  to  New  Guinea  are  both 

u  2 


256  Notices  of  New  Books. 

instructive  and  entertaining  reading.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  a  large 
section  of  the  Queensland  press,  as  well  as  many  of  the  prominent  officials 
of  the  Colony,  were  especially  bitter  against  him  for  the  opinions  expressed 
on  more  than  one  occasion.  After  taking  an  active  part  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  new  Colony  of  New  Giiinea,  Mr.  Komilly  was  appointed 
Consul  in  the  New  Hebrides,  a  position  he  did  not  hold  for  any  length  of 
time ;  in  fact,  on  being  told  that  he  was  to  receive  the  appointment  he 
states  in  one  of  his  letters  that  he  had  no  wish  to  gp  into  the  consular  service, 
and  would  sooner  remain  in  New  Guinea  than  live  in  the  New  Hebrides. 
After  enjoying  a  well-earned  rest  in  England,  Mr.  Komilly  was  attracted  to 
South  Africa  by  the  reports  of  the  discovery  of  gold  in  Mashonaland  and 
the  opening  up  of  that  country  by  the  British  South  Africa  Chartered 
Company.  Various  expeditions  were  being  organised  to  proceed  through 
the  country  in  search  of  gold  and  farming  land,  and  amongst  others  was 
one  promoted  by  a  small  syndicate  largely  interested  in  the  Chartered 
Company.  The  command  of  this  expedition  was  offered  to  Mr.  Romilly, 
whose  letters  regarding  the  country  &c.  possess  considerable  interest  at 
the  present  time.  The  work  is  edited  by  Mr.  S.  H.  Komilly,  who  contri- 
butes a  chapter  setting  forth  the  chief  incidents  in  the  life  of  his  brother, 
who  at  the  age  of  thirty-six  succumbed  to  one  of  the  many  attacks  of 
malarial  fever,[from  which,  after  his  long  residence  in  New  Guinea,  he  never 
was  entirely  free. 


Records  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  New  South  Wales.  Vol.  III. 
Part  4.  1893.  4to.  Sydney.  (Price  Is.  GcZ.)  (Presented  by 
the  Department  of  Mines.) 

The  contents  of  the  present  issue  of  the  "  Records  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  New  South  Wales"  consist  of  the  following  ten  articles: 
(1)  "  611  a  Sand  from  Bingera,"  by  George  W.  Card.  (2)  "  On  the  Occur- 
rence  of  Trigonia  semiundulata,  M'Coy,  in  New  South  Wales,  and  its 
significance,"  by  K.  Etheridge,  Jr.  (3)  "  On  the  Occurrence  of  Basalt- 
glass  (Tachylyte)  at  Bulladelah,"  by  G.  A.  Stonier.  (4)  "On  Palatal 
Remains  of  Palorcliestes  azael,  Owen,  from  the  Wellington  Caves  Bone- 
deposit,"  by  W.  S.  Dun.  (5)  "  Mineralogical  and  Petrological  Notes,"  by 
George  W.  Card.  (6)  "  Note  on  an  Aboriginal  Skull  from  a  Cave  at 
Bungonia,"  by  R.  Etheridge,  Jr.  (7)  "  The  Australian  Geological  Record 
for  the  year  1892,  with  Addenda  for  the  year  1891,"  by  R.  Etheridge,  Jr., 
and  W.  S.  Dun.  (8)  "  A  Locality  Index  to  the  Reports  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  New  South  Wales,  from  1875  to  1892  inclusive,"  by  W.  S.  Dun. 
(9)  "  On  the  Occurrence  of  Le^ndodendt'on  australe  in  the  Devonian  Rocks 
of  New  South  Wales,"  by  T.  W.  C.  David  and  E.  F.  Pittman.  (10)  "  On 
Celestine  from  the  Neighbourhood  of  Bourke,"  by  George  W,  Card. 


Notices  of  New  Books,  257 


BRITISH   NORTH  AMERICA. 

Annual  Report  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada.  New  Series. 
Vol.  V.  Parts  1  and  2.  1890-91.  Royal  8vo.  Ottawa,  1893. 
(Price  8s.) 

These  voluminous  Keports  of  the  Geological  Survey  contain  a  mass  of 
information  upon  all  parts  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  based  upon  the 
explorations  and  surveys  of  the  various  members  of  the  staff  of  the  depart- 
ment, who  have  for  many  years  past  contributed  so  much  valuable  inform- 
ation regarding  many  comparatively  unexplored'  regions  of  the  country. 
They  form  a  record  of  the  painstaking  perseverance  with  which  those 
gentlemen  are  devoting  their  best  energies  to  investigating  (often  under 
very  adverse  circumstances),  depicting,  and  describing  the  diverse,  and  often 
intricate,  geological  phenomena  presented  throughout  the  Dominion,  and 
more  especially  in  endeavouring  to  decipher  what  the  bearing  of  these 
phenomena  is,  and  what  they  teach  in  reference  to  the  profitable  develop- 
ment of  the  mines  and  mining  industries  of  the  country.  The  inform- 
ation embodied  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  intending  investors  and 
the  public  generally,  who  can  obtain  from  the  Reports  the  most  reliable, 
authentic,  and  entirely  disinterested  information  respecting  mines  and 
minerals  in  all  parts  of  Canada.  The  Reports  are  in  most  instances 
illustrated  with  photographs  and  maps  of  the  country  to  which  they 
refer. 


Kingsford,   William   (LL.D.,   F.E.S.    Canada).— The    History  of 
Canada.     Vol.  VI.,  1776-1779.     8vo.     Pp.  xii-523.    Toronto : 
Rowsell  &  Hutchison.     London  :  Kegan  Paul,  Trench,  Triibner 
'  &  Co.     1893. 

The  present  volume  of  this  comprehensive  History  of  the  Canadian 
Dominion  deals  with  events  of  the  years  1776  to  1779,  including  the  third 
siege  of  Quebec  and  the  expulsion  of  the  troops  of  Congress  from  Canada. 
Mr.  Kingsford  is  rendering  considerable  service  to  Canada  in  publishing  a 
work  which,  when  completed,  cannot  fail  to  be  the  standard  one  upon 
that  portion  of  the  Empire.  Every  detail  connected  with  its  history  is 
brought  out  and  discussed  in  a  maste  rly  manner,  whilst  the  valuable 
series  of  explanatory  notes  which  appear  on  almost  every  page  greatly 
assist  the  reader  of  the  present  day  in  understanding  many  difficult  ques- 
tions regarding  the  period  dealt  with.  The  work  is  well  printed,  and 
contains  five  maps  illustrating  the  various  battle-grounds  referred  to 
in  the  text, 


258  Notices  of  New  Books. 

Page,  Jesse. — Amid  Greenland  Snoios,  or  the  Early  History  of 
Arctic  Missions.  12mo.  Pp.  x-160.  London  :  S.  W.  Part- 
ridge &  Co.  1893.  (Price  Is.  Gd.) 

The  Arctic  regions  have  not  occupied  much  attention  in  the  missionary- 
histories  published  up  to  the  present  time,  but  a  perusal  of  this  work  will 
justify  the  statement  that  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  North  Pole  there 
has  been  as  patient  and  heroic  an  endeavour  in  the  cause  of  the  Cross 
as  in  the  fiery  zone  of  the  Equator.  The  Author  in  dealing  with  the 
early  Arctic  missions  confines  his  inquiries  more  especially  to  Greenland 
and  the  missionary  labours  of  Hans  Egede,  a  Norwegian,  who  landed 
in  Greenland  as  long  ago  as  1721,  amidst  a  people  who  at  first  resolutely 
refused  to  allow  the  missionary  to  enter  their  wretched  dwellings,  or,  in 
fact,  to  permit  any  familiar  intercourse.  Patiently,  however,  he  strove  to 
win  their  confidence.  By  degrees  the  distrust  melted,  and,  while  still 
showing  no  particular  interest  in  his  comrades,  they  began  to  listen  to 
and  even  respect  Hans  Egede,  until  his  influence  was  made  manifest 
throughout  the  desolate  country,  and  civilisation  gradually  appeared  in 
all  parts  of  it.  The  habits  and  religious  ideas  of  the  Greenlanders  as  given 
in  this  work  deal  more  especially  with  the  natives  as  Egede  found  them, 
their  subsequent  contact  with  European  traders  and  the  widespread 
teaching  of  Christianity  have,  of  course,  considerably  modified  their  charac- 
teristics. The  work  is  a  record  of  pluck  and  perseverance  in  the  ca.use 
of  Christianity,  and  is  worthy  of  a  high  place  amongst  the  mission 
histories  dealing  with  the  civilisation  of  native  tribes  in  all  parts  of  the 
world. 

AFRICA. 

Colquhoun,  Archibald  R. — Matabcleland  :  the  War  and  our  Posi- 
tion in  South  Africa.  12mo.  Pp.  vii-167.  London :  Leaden- 
hall  Press,  Ltd.  1893.  (Price  2s.  Gd.) 

This  volume  deals  with  the  situation  of  the  moment  in  South  Africa, 
described  by  one  who  has  had  the  best  opportunities  for  observation  on 
the  spot.  Towards  the  end  of  1889  Mr.  Colquhoun  was  employed  by 
Mr.  Rhodes  in  South  Africa  in  drawing  up  regulations  for  Mashonaland, 
and  gained  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  all  the  circumstances  leading 
up  to  the  pioneer  expedition  of  1890,  which  he  accompanied  officially, 
invested  with  a  commission  to  assume  the  duties  of  first  Administrator  of 
Mashonaland.  The  work  opens  with  an  account  of  the  discovery  and 
early  history  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  its  gradual  expansion  under 
British  rule.  The  Author  then  gives  an  account  of  the  country  with  which 
the  work  more  especially  deals,  and  supplies  an  interesting  record  of 
events  leading  up  to  the  acquisition  by  the  Chartered  Company  of  the 
territory  of  Mashonaland.  He  describes  the  appearance  of  the  country, 
its  climate,  and  the  numerous  questions  possessing  interest  for  those  who 


Notices  of  New  Books.  259 

may  contemplate  settlement  in  the  country.  The  chapter  devoted  to 
recent  events  in  Matabeleland  is  most  instructive,  inasmuch  as  it  sets 
forth  the  various  causes  which  brought  about  the  collision  between  the 
Matabele  and  the  Company's  forces,  together  with  an  account  of  the 
expedition  from  the  period  of  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  until  its  arrival 
at  Buluwayo.  Mr.  Colquhoun  further  gives  an  interesting  account  of  the 
negotiations  with  the  Portuguese  which  led  up  to  the  Manica  Treaty, 
which  was  executed  by  him,  which  secured  a  valuable  territory  for  the 
British  South  Africa  Company.  Information  is  embodied  regarding 
British  Bechuanaland  and  its  value  to  the  Empire,  and  the  progress  of 
the  South  African  gold  and  diamond  fields.  In  an  appendix  are  copies  of 
various  official  documents  connected  with  the  acquisition  of  Mashonaland, 
which  complete  a  most  valuable  and  comprehensive  history  of  Africa 
south  of  the  Zambesi,  and  places  within  reach  of  the  general  reader 
a  connected  narrative  of  the  foundation  and  development  of  the  vast 
British  territory*in  that  part  of  the  world. 

Alexander  Mackay,  Missionary  Hero  of  Uganda.  By  the  Author 
of  "  The  Story  of  Stanley."  12rao.  Pp.  144.  London  :  Sun- 
day School  Union.  1893.  (Price  Is.) 

At  the  present  time,  when  attention  is  being  directed  to  the  question  of 
Uganda  and  its  retention  as  part  of  the  Imperial  British  East  Africa 
Company's  territory,  this  little  work  may  be  read  with  advantage,  as  it 
contains  a  very  clear  account  of  the  acquisition  of  the  territory  as  well  as 
the  events  which  led  up  to  the  recent  state  of  affairs  in  the  country.  The 
work  is,  however,  chiefly  devoted  to  a  history  of  the  connection  of 
Alexander  Mackay  with  Uganda.  It  was  in  1876  that  Mackay  left 
England  for  the  scene  of  his  labours  as  one  of  a  party  of  the  Church 
Missionary  Society,  and  having  arrived  in  Africa  at  once  made  prepara- 
tions for  the  arduous  journey  to  the  interior,  having  to  cut  roads,  and  so 
clear  a  way  as  he  proceeded,  besides  suffering  from  the  effects  of  the  climate 
and  the  continual  anxiety  of  having  his  caravan  attacked  by  hostile  natives. 
Having  arrived  at  his  destination,  Mackay  at  once  commenced  his 
labours  as  a  missionary,  with  what  success  is  now  a  matter  of  history.  A 
most  graphic  description  of  the  country  and  the  people  is  embodied  in  the 
work,  as  well  as  the  difficulties  which  had  to  be  met  and  overcome  in  a 
country  through  which  very  few  white  men  had  penetrated.  The  work, 
which  is  issued  as  a  book  for  boys,  may  with  advantage  be  consulted  by 
all  who  are  interested  in  the  rise  of  what  Captain  Lugard  has  termed  "  our 
East  African  Empire." 

Mitford,  Bertram.  —  The  Gun-Eunner.  12mo.  Pp.  viii-359. 
London  :  Chatto  &  Windus.  1893.  (Price  3s.  Qd.) 

The  works  of  Mr.  Mitford  in  connection  with  South  Africa  may  be 
Jikened  to  those  of  Rolf  Boldrewpod  in  connection  with  Australia.  Pos- 


260  Notices  of  New  Books. 

sessing  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  country  of  which  he  writes,  Mr. 
Mitford  is  enabled  to  give  a  graphic  account  of  events  in  its  history  as  well 
as  a  life-like  description  of  its  people  based  upon  facts.  As  in  most  of  his 
works,  the  plot  has  been  laid  in  Zululand,  a  country  with  which  he  has 
long  had  connection,  and  is  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  habits  and 
customs  of  its  people.  The  story  is  both  interesting  and  exciting,  and 
contains  most  graphic  descriptions  of  the  Zulu  War,  as  well  as  the 
memorable  battle  of  Isandhlwana.  The  general  tone  of  the  story,  with 
its  love  affairs,  its  adventures,  and  events  in  connection  with  the  life  of  a 
"  Gun-Runner,"  makes  up  a  work  which  may  be  termed  one  of  historical 
fiction,  and  which  is  of  unflagging  interest  from  start  to  finish. 


Payne,  John  A.  Otonba. — Lagos  and  West  African  Almanack  and 

Diary  for  1894.     Royal  8vo.    Pp.  147.    London  :  J.  S.  Phillips. 

• 

A  large  amount  of  new  matter  is  embodied  in  this  issue  of  Mr.  Payne's 
Almanack,  which  appears  to  have  been  brought  well  up  to  date,  and  to 
contain  such  general  information  concerning  the  British  Colonies  on  the 
West  Coast  of  Africa  as  will  prove  of  service  to  the  ordinary  inquirer. 
Many  important  events  have  occurred  in  Lagos  during  the  past  year,  in- 
cluding more  especially  the  expedition  under  Sir  Gilbert  T.  Carter  to  the 
interior  countries,  during  which  he  made  treaties  with  several  native 
chiefs,  and  put  an  end  to  a  war  between  two  tribes  which  had  been 
going  on  for  some  years  past.  The  terms  of  the  treaties  have  been 
inserted  in  the  Almanack,  and  will  prove  of  considerable  service  for  future 
reference.  The  work,  which  contains  several  illustrations,  is  one  which 
should  be  in  the  hands  of  all  interested  in  the  Colonies  of  Western  Africa, 
whether  from  an  official,  commercial,  or  general  point  of  view. 


TliQ  Story  of  Mashonaland  and  the  Missionary  Pioneers.  Edited 
by  the  Rev.  F.  W.  Macdonald.  Sm.  4to.  Pp.  G3.  London: 
Wesleyan  Mission  House.  1893.  (Price  6rf.) 

The  contents  of  this  little  work  are  gathered  from  the  Journal  of  the 
Rev.  Owen  Watkins,  an  African  traveller  and  missionary  of  considerable 
experience,  who  since  1876  has  laboured  with  eminent  success  in  Natal 
and  the  Transvaal,  and  the  letters  of  the  Rev.  Isaac  Shimrnin,  pioneer 
missionary  in  Mashonaland,  whilst  the  Rev.  Caesar  Caine  has  brought  his 
geographical  knowledge  and  enthusiasm  to  the  task  of  writing  a  short 
account  of  the  country,  the  people,  and  the  Wesleyan  Mission.  A  very 
good  account  of  the  work  performed  by  the  representatives  of  the  Society 
in  this  new  territory  is  given  in  the  work,  which  contains  a  number  of 
views  of  the  scenery  and  natives  of  the  country. 


Notices  of  New  Books.  261 

Brodrick,  A. — A  Wanderer's  Rhymes.  12mo.  Pp.  128.  London  : 
Record  Press.  1893.  (Presented  by  the  Author.) 

The  Author  of  this  work,  who  has  had  a  long  experience  of  South 
Africa,  having  of  recent  years  resided  in  the  Transvaal,  has  compiled  a 
well-written  collection  of  poems  descriptive  of  South  African  life  and 
character.  Several  of  these  have  already  appeared  in  various  periodi- 
cals over  the  signatures  of  "A  Wanderer,"  "Transvaal  Englishman," 
"  A.  B.,"  and  "  Vaalpens."  They  are  now  brought  together  into  one  volume^ 
and  form  the  most  complete  collection  of  South  African  poems  which  have 
appeared  since  the  publication  of  the  celebrated  work  of  Thomas  Pringle 
fifty  years  ago. 

Knight-Bruce,  Mrs.  Wyndham. — The  Story  of  an  African  Chief, 
being  the  Life  of  Khama.  18mo.  Pp.  viii-71.  London  :  Kegan 
Paul,  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co.,  Ltd.  1893.  (Price  2s.) 

"Whilst  the  subject  of  this  work  is  occupying  so  prominent  a  position 
in  connection  with  recent  events  in  South  Africa,  Mrs.  Knight-Bruce's 
narrative  possesses  considerable  interest  for  those  who  have  followed  the 
course  of  events  in  that  country.  The  Authoress,  who  is  the  wife  of  the 
Bishop  of  Mashonaland,  has  had  exceptional  opportunities  of  obtaining  details 
regarding  the  life  of  Khama,  and  possessing  a  ready  pen  has  contributed 
to  the  vast  and  rapidly  increasing  collection  of  South  African  literature  a 
work  which  is  both  interesting  and  instructive,  both  on  account  of  the  posi- 
tion occupied  by  Khama  as  a  staunch  friend  of  the  British  nation,  and  as  the 
only  powerful  chief  in  that  part  of  the  Empire  who  has  to  any  extent  em- 
braced Christianity,  and  acts  the  part  of  a  missionary  amongst  his  own 
people.  Mrs.  Knight-Bruce  gives  in  her  little  work  a  complete  history  of 
this  celebrated  chief  as  well  as  the  tract  of  country  over  which  he  rules, 
and  describes  him  as  a  courteous  host  whose  home  is  among  his  people, 
and  possessing  a  manner  both  quiet  and  dignified. 

INDIA,  CEYLON,  STRAITS  SETTLEMENTS,  &c. 

Swettenham,  F.  A..— About  Perak.  8vo.  Pp.  78.  Singapore  : 
Straits  Times  Press.  1893.  (Price  2s.  Qd.) 

The  contents  of  this  work  were  published  last  year  in  the  form  of  letters 
in  the  Straits  Times ;  but  their  importance  to  the  Straits  Settlements 
generally  induced  the  proprietors  of  the  paper  to  issue  them  in  a  handy, 
permanent  form,  so  that  a  much  larger  circulation  might  be  obtained  for 
them  than  would  otherwise  have  been  the  case.  The  writer  has  had  a 
long  experience  of  life  in  the  Straits  Settlements,  and  for  some  time  past 
has  occupied  the  important  position  of  British  Resident  at  Perak.  He 
has  therefore  had  exceptional  opportunities  of  obtaining  information  re- 


262  Notices  of  New  Books. 

garding  that  State  which  would  have  been  difficult  of  access  to  the  ordinary 
writer.  After  giving  an  account  of  the  history  and  geography  of  the 
State,  Mr.  Swettenham  proceeds  to  deal  with  the  development  of  the 
Residential  system,  the  opening  of  communications  with  other  parts  of 
the  Malay  Peninsula,  a  subject  which  has  occupied  the  attention  of. 
successive  Residents  ever  since  Perak  became  a  protected  State  ;  ports 
and  waterways,  mining,  agriculture,  and  the  rise  of  townships,  the  real 
Malay,  European  society,  and  the  future  of  the  State.  Upon  all  these 
questions  Mr.  Swettenham  contributes  much  valuable  information,  and 
sets  an  example  which  might  with  advantage  be  followed  by  the  Residents 
of  the  other  Native  States.  The  great  object  in  view  in  the  case  of  new 
countries  is  to  become  better  known  and  to  attract  the  attention  of  the 
outside  world  to  new  fields  for  the  investment  of  capital ;  and  this  cannot 
be  done  in  a  better  way  than  by  issuing  reliable  and  semi-official  accounts 
of  the  countries  dealt  with.  A  series  of  works  similar  to  the  one  under 
notice  relating  to  the  other  States  of  the  Malay  Peninsula  would  prove  of 
considerable  value,  not  only  for  purposes  of  reference,  but  by  contributing 
authentic  information  upon  a  little  known  portion  of  the  Malay  Peninsula 
now  under  British  protection. 


Eeith,  Kev,  G.  M.  (M.A.) — Handbook  to  Singapore,  with  Map 
and  a  Plan  of  the  Botanical  Gardens.  12mo.  Pp.  xvi-135. 
Singapore :  Singapore  and  Straits  Printing  Office.  1892. 
(Price  $3.00.) 

As  a  guide  for  the  visitor  to  Singapore  this  work  contains  all  the 
information  necessary  for  those  who  have  a  few  hours  or  a  few  days  to 
spend  in  the  town,  as  it  gives  in  a  handy  form  a  series  of  notes,  historical, 
descriptive,  scientific,  &c.,  regarding  both  the  town  and  the  island.  It 
also  contains  much  that  will  interest  the  ordinary  inquirer  regarding  the 
Straits  Settlements.  Commencing  with  an  historical  introduction,  which 
is  a  reprint  of  several  articles  which  appeared  some  years  ago  in  the 
Singapore  Free  Press,  the  Author  supplies  information  regarding  the 
government,  defences,  police,  &c.,  a  general  description  of  the  town 
and  environs,  the  favourite  walks  and  drives,  the  various  public  buildings 
and  places  of  interest,  the  clubs,  societies,  &c.  For  those  interested 
in  the  fauna,  flora,  and  geology  of  Singapore  useful  information  is 
embodied,  and  special  attention  is  given  in  a  separate  chapter  to  the 
Malay  language  and  literature,  the  latter  being  described  as  extensive  and 
copious,  but  not  rich.  The  book  should  be  in  the  hands  of  all  intending 
visitors,  who  will  find  in  it  many  useful  hints  as  well  as  necessary  inform- 
ation, which  will  facilitate  travelling,  besides  a  plan  of  the  city  with  an 
excellent  index  to  the  streets,  public  buildings,  &c, 


Notices  of  New  Books.  2(5: J 

Sangermano,  Father.— The  Burmese  Empire  a  Hundred  Years 
Ago.  8vo.  Pp.  xxxix-308.  London  ;  Archibald  Constable  & 
Co.  1893.  (Price  10s.  Gel) 

This  is  a  reprint  in  an  extended  form  of  an  old  work  relating  to  Burma 
written  by  Father  Sangermano,  a  missionary  who  resided  in  that  country 
from  1783  until  1808,  when  he  returned  to  Italy.  The  work  was  originally 
published  in  1832,  a  second  edition  appeared  fifty-one  years  afterwards, 
whilst  a  third  edition  has  recently  been  published  containing  an  introduc- 
tion and  numerous  explanatory  notes  by  Mr.  Justice  Jardine,  one  of  the 
Judges  of  the  Bombay  High  Court  of  Judicature,.  The  original  work  has 
from  time  to  time,  in  more  recent  histories  of  Burma,  been  alluded  to, 
and  in  nearly  every  account  of  the  Burmese  people  extracts  from  the 
work  appear.  The  reputation  of  the  Italian  priest  has  stood  the  test  of 
time.  He  is  treated  as  an  authority  by  Bishop  Bigaudet,  and  he  is  cited 
also  by  Dr.  Kern  and  most  of  the  historians  'of  Buddhism.  Although 
matters  have  changed  considerably  in  many  instances  since  Father 
Sangermano's  time,  his  statements  nevertheless  are  useful  in  tracing  a 
comparison  of  things  as  they  were  and  as  they  are.  The  account  of  the 
Burmese  Empire  as  it  was  is  contained  in  chapters  dealing  with  Burmese 
cosmography,  the  history  of  the  Burmese,  and  the  constitution,  religion, 
and  moral  and  physical  constitution  of  the  Burmese  Empire.  The  work 
is  well  worth  the  perusal  of  all  interested  in  the  country,  and  with  the 
able  introduction  of  Mr.  Justice  Jardine  is  a  valuable  addition  to  the 
literature  regarding  Burma  and  the  Burmese. 

Forrest,  Gr.  W.  (B.A.) — Selections  from  the  Letters,  Despatches,  and 
other  State  Papers  preserved  in  the  Military  Department  of  the 
Government  of  India,  1857-58.  Vol.  I.  Royal  8vo.  Pp. 
iii-493-ci.  Calcutta.  1893. 

The  Government  of  India  is  to  be  congratulated  on  having  found 
so  capable  an  Editor  of  the  State  Papers  relating  to  the  revolt  of  the 
Bengal  Native  Army  in  1857  as  Mr.  G.  W.  Forrest.  There  are  few  men 
probably  who  are  better  qualified  to  deal  witli  the  subject  or  who  have  a 
better  acquaintance  with  the  events  of  the  period  referred  to.  Mr.  Forrest 
holds  the  official  position  of  Director  of  Becords  of  the  Government  of 
India — in  which  capacity  he  has  had  access  to  the  various  documents 
which  have  been  preserved,  and  which  contain  the  various  official  reports 
relating  to  the  Indian  Mutiny.  These  papers  have  been  carefully  arranged 
in  chronological  order,  with  the  result  that  the  volume  now  published 
comprises  all  the  military  records  from  the  first  outbreak  of  disaffection 
to  the  siege  and  storming  of  Delhi  by  the  British  troops.  The  story  of 
that  siege  is  told  by  the  letters  and  despatches  of  the  chief  actors,  and  for 
the  sake  of  the  general  reader  the  Editor  has,  in  addition,  compiled  from 
fchese  official  materials,  in  the  form  of  an  introduction,  a  continuous  story* 


264  Notices  of  Neiv  Books. 

which  'is  both  interesting  and  instructive.  The  letters,  reports,  and 
returns  have  been  printed  exactly  as  they  were  written  day  by  day,  and 
no  alteration  has  been  made  in  the  orthography  of  the  several  writers. 
A  large  number  of  maps  and  plans  have  been  added  to  the  work,  showing 
the  positions  of  the  British  forces  at  various  periods  of  the  outbreak, 
which  are  useful  for  reference  in  connection  with  the  text.  The  work 
will  probably  be  completed  in  three  volumes. 

Forbes-Mitchell,  "William. — Reminiscences  of  the  Great  Mutiny, 
1857-59,  including  the  Belief,  Siege,  and  Capture  of  Lucknow  t 
and  the  Campaigns  in  Bohikund  and  Oude.  8vo.  Pp.  xii-295. 
London :  Macmillan  &  Co.  1893.  (Price  8s.  Qd.) 

These  reminiscences  of  the  Indian  Mutiny  are  recorded  by  one  who 
was  himself  an  actor  in  the  scenes  which  he  describes,  and  who  viewed 
them  from  a  novel  and  most  unusual  position  for  a  military  historian — 
the  ranks.  Mr.  Forbes-Mitchell  served  in  the  old  93rd  Sutherland  High- 
landers,  and  was  present  at  every  action  in  which  that  famous  regiment 
played  a  part,  from  the  actual  relief  of  Lucknow  in  November  1857  till 
the  final  operations  in  Oude  in  November  1859.  Beginning  with  the 
march  up  country  from  Calcutta  the  Author  gives  a  detailed  account  of 
the  various  incidents  which  occurred  on  the  journey,  as  well  as  the 
various  engagements  prior  to  the  siege  of  Lucknow.  Although  so  many 
works  have  already  appeared  upon  this  subject,  Mr.  Forbes-Mitchell's 
reminiscences  possess  a  freshness  and  a  great  amount  of  originality, 
inasmuch  as  they  record  the  action  of  individual  soldiers,  both  of  the 
commissioned  and  non-commissioned  ranks,  and  other  incidents  which 
came  under  his  own  notice,  and  which  have  hitherto  not  appeared  in  print. 
The  work,  which  is  stated  to  have  been  revised  by  an  officer  who  was 
present  at  many  of  the  operations  mentioned,  is  a  straightforward  and 
soldierlike  story,  and  furnishes  another  thrilling  chapter  in  that  unparal- 
leled story  of  suffering  and  of  heroism— of  men's  bravery  and  of  women's 
devotion. 

Baden-Powell,  B.  H.  (C.I.E.)—  A  Short  Account  of  the  Land 
Revenue  and  its  Administration  in  British  India ;  with  a 
Sketch  of  the  Land  Tenures.  12mo.  Pp.  vi-260.  Oxford  : 
Clarendon  Press.  1894.  (Price  5s.) 

The  question  of  land  revenue  in  India  has  for  several  years  past 
engaged  the  attention  of  many  of  the  most  prominent  officials  of  that 
country.  It  is  a  question  little  understood  by  those  outside  India,  and 
even  complicated  to  many  residing  in  the  country.  The  work  under 
notice,  however,  supplies  a  general  knowledge  of  what  it  is,  and  how  it  is 
levied  and  managed.  In  the  introductory  chapter  Mr.  Baden-Powell 
states  that  to  understand  the  land-revenue  system  is  to  gain  a  greater 


Notices  of  New  Books.  265 

knowledge  of  Indian  government  than  could  be  acquired  in  any  other 
way,  for  the  agricultural  class,  which  pays  the  revenue,  represents  about 
five-sixths  of  the  entire  population,  and  the  assessment  and  collection  of 
such  a  widely  levied  impost  demand  an  intimate  knowledge  of  land 
customs  and  the  social  features  of  country  life.  And  so  it  is,  the  Author 
states,  that  the  Government  of  India  requires,  from  various  departmental 
officials,  an  elementary  knowledge  of  the  land  systems  as  essential  to  the 
discharge  of  their  general  duty.  The  necessity,  therefore,  arose  to  provide 
a  book  that  should  answer  the  purposes  of  the  ordinary  student,  besides 
giving  sufficient  practical  information  for  officials  unacquainted  with  the 
subject.  This  work  has  now  been  supplied  by  Mr.  Baden-Powell,  who 
describes,  in  a  clear  and  concise  form,  the  land  revenue  administration 
of  British  India,  and  the  forms  of  land-holding  on  which  that  adminis- 
tration is  based.  The  various  subjects  into  which  the  question  is  divided 
are  the  general  features  of  the  country  affecting  the  land  revenue  adminis- 
tration, how  the  provinces  and  districts  are  organised,  what  lands  are 
liable  to  pay  land  revenue,  the  land  tenures,  &c.  These  questions  are 
all  placed  before  the  reader  in  such  a  manner  that  the  various  details 
regarding  them  may  be  easily  understood  and  mastered.  In  fact,  the 
Author  has  provided  such  a  work  as  shall  answer  the  purposes  of  the 
ordinary  student  of  Indian  affairs,  and  yet  give  sufficient  practical 
information  to  serve  as  a  text-book  for  forest  officers  and  others  outside 
the  Land  Revenue  Department. 

Burrell,  W,  S.,  and  Cuthell,  Edith  E.— Indian  Memories.  12mo. 
Pp.  viii-304.  London  :  Richard  Bentley  &  Son.  1893.  (Price 
6s.) 

Under  the  above  title  the  Authors  have  issued  an  entertaining  volume 
of  short  stories  descriptive  of  life  in  India,  divided  into  three  distinct 
periods,  viz.  011  the  plains  in  cold  weather,  on  the  hills  in  hot  weather, 
and  on  the  highlands  of  Central  India.  They  are  no  globe-trotters'  tales, 
but  memories  of  those  who  have  spent  many  years  in  the  country,  and 
from  long  experience  are  qualified  to  write  of  the  various  episodes  in  the 
life  of  the  ordinary  Anglo-Indian.  The  possession  of  fluent  pens  and  keen 
observation  has  enabled  the  Authors  to  produce  a  work  of  interest  to 
those  residing  in  the  country,  as  well  as  to  those  desiring  to  become 
better  acquainted  with  the  every-day  life  of  their  countrymen  in  the  East. 

Cowie,  Andson. — English- Sillu-Malay  Vocabulary,  with  Useful 
Sentences,  Tables,  dc.  Edited  by  William  Clark  Cowie.  8vo. 
Pp.  xlviii-288.  London:  The  British  North  Borneo  Co. 
1893. 

The  Author  of  this  work  has  devoted  considerable  attention  to  the 
study  of  several  native  dialects  during  the  thirteen  years  he  resided  in  the 


266  Notices  of  New 

island  of  Sfilfi  and  various  parts  of  Malaya,  and  attained  so  proficient  £t 
knowledge  of  the  Siilii  and  Malay  languages  as  has  enabled  him  to  com- 
bine these  two  languages  with  the  English  equivalents.  The  primary 
object  of  his  vocabulary  is  to  assist  the  Europeans  of  North  Borneo  in 
acquiring  a  knowledge  of  Siilii  to  enable  them  to  converse  with  the  Stilus 
in  their  own  dialect,  rather  than  through  the  medium  of  Malay,  which, 
although  understood  by  many,  is  still  a  foreign  language  to  them.  The 
work  is  of  a  most  comprehensive  kind,  and,  in  addition  to  single  words, 
includes  idiomatic  phrases  and  sentences  &c.,  which  have  been  constructed 
so  as  to  employ  nearly  every  Sulu  word  in  the  vocabulary.  The  work 
lias  been  edited  by  Mr.  W.  Clark  Cowie,  who  has  contributed  a  useful 
introduction  containing  an  account  of  the  Sulu  people  and  their  language, 
;is  well  as  some  general  instructions  regarding  pronunciation  ifcc. 

GENERAL. 

JlctzclVs  Ann  mil :  a  Cyclopedic  Record  of  Men  and  Topics  of  tJie 
Dcuj.  12mo.  Pp.  676.  London :  Hazell,  Watson  &  Yiney, 
Ltd.  1894.  (Price  3s.  Gd.) 

Not  only  is  this  annual  a  work  for  general  reference  regarding  ques- 
tions of  universal  interest,  but  it  is  gradually  becoming,  to  a  great 
extent,  a  useful  encyclopaedia  of  events  in  connection  with  the 
history  and  resources  of  the  Colonial  Empire.  Each  year  some  addi- 
tional information  regarding  the  Colonies  appears,  and  owing  to  the 
valuable  sources  from  which  such  information  is  obtained  the  work  may 
be  consulted  with  confidence.  Each  Colony  occupies  a  distinct  position, 
and  is  treated  in  a  general  way,  its  history,  trade,  resources,  population, 
&c.,  being  embodied.  The  new  articles  appearing  in  the  present  issue 
which  are  of  importance  from  a  Colonial  point  of  view  comprise  Arctic 
Exploration,  the  Behring  Sea  Question,  Bimetallism,  British  East 
Africa,  the  Niger  Territories,  the  Silver  Question,  Uganda  and  the  Wit- 
watersrand  Gold  Fields.  Considerable  expansion  has  taken  place  in  the 
Key  to  Contents,  which  now  practically  forms  an  index  to  the  work  ;  whilst 
a  number  of  maps  of  various  countries  and  territories  have  been  embodied, 
containing  the  latest  details  known  at  the  time  of  going  to  press,  and 
which  will  be  found  of  the  greatest  use  for  purposes  of  reference. 


2G7 


DONATIONS  TO  THE  LIBRARY. 


Government  of  British  Columbia- 
Sessional  Papers,  1893 

Government  of  British  Guiana — 
Blue  Book,  1892-93 
Eeport  on  the  Bine  Book,  1892-93 

Government  of  Canada — 
Sessional  Papers,  1893 

Government  of  Cyprus — 

Cyprus  Blue  Book,  1892  93 

Government  of  Jamaica — 
Blue  Book,  1892-93 

Government  of  New  Zealand^— 

The  Ancient  History  of  the  Maori :  his  Mythology  and  Traditions. 

By  John  White.     Vol.  VI.,  1890 
Statutes,  1893 

Government  of  Ontario— 
Sessional  Papers,  1893 
Journals  of  the  Legislative  Assembly,  1893 

Government  of  Quebec — 
Sessional  Papers,  1893 

Government  of  Victoria — 
Statistical  Eegister,  1891 

Agent-General  for  British  Columbia— 

British  Columbia:  its  Present  Resources  and  Future  Possibilities, 
1893 

Agent-General  for  Neiv  South  Wales— 

Annual  Report  of  the  Postmaster-General  of  New  South  Wales  for 

1892 

Annual  Report  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1893 
Public  Accounts  for  1892 
Seventh  General  Report  of  the  Parliamentary  Committee  on  Public 

Works,  1893 


268  Donations  to  the  Library. 

Agent-General  for  New  Zealand — 

The  Cheviot  Estate,  Particulars,  Terms,  and  Conditions  of  Disposal 
and  Occupation  of  33,474  Acres,  1893 

Colonial  Office— 

Notes  on  Emigration  from  India  to  Trinidad  and  British  Guiana,  and 
from  the  East  Indies  to  Jamaica  and  St,  Lucia.  By  Surgeon- 
Major  D.  W.  D.  Comins,  1893 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Ontario — 
Annual  Keport,  1892 

Department  of  Agriculture  and  Immigration,  Manitoba— 

Report  on  Crops,  Live-stock,  &c.,  in  Manitoba,  December  1893 

Department  of  Labour,  New  Zealand — 
Journal,  November  1893 

Department  of  Mines  and  Agriculture,  Sydney — 

Records  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  New  South  Wales.     Vol.  III. 
Part  4,  1893 

Department  of  State,  U.S.A.— 

Consular  Reports,  December  1893 

Geological  Survey  of  Canada — 
Annual  Report,  1890-91 

Immigration  Department,  British  Guiana — 

Half-yearly  Return  of  Immigrants  to  June  1893 

'Registrar -General,  Western  Australia — 
Western  Australian  Year-book,  1892-93 

Resident  at  Mysore — 

Report  011  the  Administration  of  the  Civil  and  Military  Station  of 
Bangalore,  1892-93 

American  Colonization  Society,  Washington — 

"  Liberia,"  Bulletin  of  the  Society,  November  1893 

Canterbury  Agricultural  and  Pastoral  Association  — 

New  Zealand  Country  Journal,  November  1893 
Colonial  Bank — 

Half-yearly  Report,  January  1894 
Colonial  College,  Hollesley  Bay — 

Colonia,  December  1893 

East  India  Association — 
Journal,  December  1893 

Institute  of  Bankers — 

Journal,  December  1893 

Malta  Chamber  of  Commerce  — 
Annual  Report,  1893 


Donations  to  the  Library.  269 

Mauritius  Chamber  of  Commerce^ 
Minutes  of  Meetings,  1892 

Religious  Tract  Society — 

Among  the  Matabele.     By  the  Rev.  D,  Carnegie,  1894 

Royal  Geographical  Society — • 

Geographical  Journal,  January  1894 

Royal  Geographical  Society  of  Australasia  (Victorian  Branch]  — 

Transactions  and   Proceedings.      Vols.  Ill,,    1885 ;    IV.,    1886 ;    V., 
Part  1,  1888  ;  VI.,  1888-89 

Royal  Scottish  Geographical  Society — 
Geographical  Magazine,  January  1894 

Royal  Society  of  Victoria — 
Proceedings.     Vol.  V.,  1893 

Royal  Statistical  Society — 

Statistical  Journal,  December  1898 

Royal  United  Service  Institution^ 
Journal,  December  1893 

British  South  Africa  Co.— 
Annual  Report,  1893 

Clarendon  Press— 

Land   Revenue   and  its   Administration   in    British  India;   with   a 
Sketch  of  the  Land  Tenures.     By  B.  H.  Baden-Powell,  1894 

George  Cowie,  Esq. — 

Pork  Industry  in  New  Zealand.     By  A.  Vecht,  1893 

Messrs.  A.  M.  &  J.  Ferguson,  Colombo — 

Fergusons'  Ceylon  Handbook  and  Directory,  1893 

Hon.  J.  J.  Grinlinton,  C.E.,  F.R.G.S.-^ 

Official  Handbook  and  Catalogue  of  the  Ceylon  Courts  at  the  Chicago 
Exhibition,  1893 

H.  H.  Hayter,  Esq.,  C.M.G.,  Melbourne— 

Report  on  the  Census  of  Victoria,  1891.     By  the  Donor, 

Messrs.  Hazell,  Watson  &  Viney,  Ltd. — 

Hazell's  Annual  for  1894 
R.  Johnstone,  Esq. — • 

Jamaica  Weather  Report,  October  1893 

Leadenhall  Press,  Ltd. — 

Matabeleland :    the   War   and   our  Position  in    South    Africa.     By 
Archibald  R.  Colquhoun,  1893 

Archer  Martin,  Esq.,  Winnipeg — 

Western  Law  Times  of  Canada,  December  1893 
VOL.  XXV,— 3,  "'  X 


270  Donations  to  the  Library. 

G.  D.  Meudell,  Esq.— 

Victoria  and  its  Resources.     Edited  by  E.  Jerome  Dyer,  1893 

John  Murray,  Esq. — 

The  Conversion  of  India  (193-1893).     By  George  Smith,  1893 

John  Henry  Norman,  Esq. — 

Description  of  Show  Cases  illustrative  of  the  Working  of  the  Foreign 
and  Colonial  Exchanges  of  Gold  and  Silver.  By  the  Donor, 
1891 

Ontario  Publishing  Co.,  Ltd. — 

Canadian  Magazine,  December  1893 

H.  Ling  Roth,  Esq,— 

Murray's  Expedition  to  Borneo :  an  Episode  in  the  Early  Life  of 

Edwin  Robins  Thomas.     By  W.  Cave  Thomas,  1893 
A  Popular  Sketch  of  the  Natural  History  of  Queensland.     By  Price 

Fletcher,  1886 
Hints  to  Immigrants  :  a  practical  Essay  upon  Bush  Life  in  Queens. 

land.     By  Price  Fletcher,  1886 
Agriculture  in  Queensland,     By  Price  Fletcher,  1886 
H.  C,  Russell,  Esq.,  C.M.G.— 

Meteorological  Observations  at  Sydney,  June  1893 
Josiah  Slater,  Esq. — 

Cape  Law  Journal,  November  1893 

Messrs.  Stone,  Son  &  Co.,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand — 

Stones'  Wellington,  Hawke's  Bay,  and  Taranaki  Directory  and  New 

Zealand  Annual,  1893-94 
"  Straits  Times  "  Press,  Singapore — 

About  Perak.     By  F.  A.  Swettenhani,  1893 
Messrs.  Swan  SonnenscJiein  &  Co. — 

A  Handbook  to  Western  Australia  and  its  Gold  Fields.  By  Harold 
G.  Parsons,  1894 

G.  J.  Symons,  Esq. — 

Meteorological  Magazine,  December  1893 


271 


NOTICES   TO    FELLOWS. 


LIBRARY  OP  THE  ROYAL   COLONIAL  INSTITUTE. 


DESIDERATA. 

The  following  volumes  and  parts  are  required  in  the 
Library  to  complete  the  various  series.  Donations  will 
be  much  appreciated : — 

Australasia — 

Adelaide  Chamber  of  Commerce.     Annual  Eeports.     Nos.  1  to  25, 

and  28  to  30 

Australasian  Medical  Gazette.     Vols.  I.  II. 
Australasian    Sketcher.      Melbourne.      Nos.    127   to    140   of  1881. 

Nos.  154  and  157  of  1882.     The  whole  of  1883.     No.  203  of  1886 
Australian   Medical   Journal   (Melbourne).     All  issues  previous  to 

Vol.  XIV.     1892 
Blosseville  (le  Marquis  de).     Histoire  de  la  colonisation  penale  et 

des  etablissements  de  1'Angleterre  en  Australie  (1831).     1859 
Buckton  (T.  J.).     Western  Australia.     1840 
Bunce  (D.).     Australasiatic    Keminiscences.     Twenty-three    Years' 

Wanderings  in  Tasmania  and  Australia.  &c.     1857 
Bunce  (D.).     Language  of  the  Aborigines  of  the  Colony  of  Victoria 

and  other  Australian  Districts.     1859 
Burn  (David).     Van  Diemen's  Land  Vindicated.     1840 
Canterbury  (N.Z.)  Chamber  of  Commerce.    Annual  Eeports.    Nos.  1, 

2,  6  to  10,  and  17,  18,  21,  and  32 
Cox  (Alfred).     Men  of  Mark  of  New  Zealand.     1886 
Dunedin   (N.Z.)   Chamber   of    Commerce.      Annual   Eeports.     All 

previous  to  1874,  and  1875,  1876,  and  1887 
Etude  sur  les  races  indigenes  de  1' Australie.     Instructions  presentees 

a  la  Societe  d'Anthropologie.     1872 

Finn  (Edmund).  Chronicles  of  Early  Melbourne.  2  vols.  1889 
Fitzgerald  (E.  D.).  Australian  Orchids.  (Additional  Number)  ) 
Hobart  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Annual  Eeports.  All  previous  to  1886 


272  Notices  to  Fellows. 

Australasia  (cont.) — 

Ho  veil   (W.   H.)    and   Hume   (Hamilton).     Journey    of    Discovery 

to  Port  Phillip,  New  South  Wales,  in  1824-25.     Edited  by  Dr. 

W.  Bland  ;  and  a  Brief  Statement  of  Facts  in  connection  with  an 

Overland  Expedition  from  Lake  George  to  Port  Phillip  in  1824, 

by  H.  Hume.     Edited  by  Eev.  W.  Boss.     8vo.     Sydney.     1837 
Hovell  (William  H.).     Answer  to  the  Preface  of  the  second  edition  of 

Mr.  Hamilton  Hume's  "  A  Brief  Statement  of  Facts  in  connection 

with  an  Overland  Expedition  from  Lake  George  to  Port  Phillip 

in  1824."     Sydney.     1874 
Hume  (Hamilton).     Brief  Statement  of  Facts  in  connection  with  an 

Overland  Expedition  from  Lake  George  to  Port  Phillip,  1824. 

8vo.     1873-74 
Lyttelton   (N.Z.)   Chamber   of  Commerce.     Annual    Keports.      3rd 

Keport  to  date 
Maryborough  Chamber  of  Commerce.     Annual  Keports.     Nos.  3-7 

and  16 
Melbourne  Chamber  of  Commerce.    Annual  Beports.     Nos.  1  to  23, 

25  to  2.9,  32,  and  37  to  40 
Moore  (Charles).     Flora  of  New  South  Wales 
New  South  Wales.     Beport  of  the  Council  of  Education  upon  the 

Condition  of  Public  Schools,  1866-75, 1879,  and  from  1881  to  date 
New  Zealand  University  Calendar.     All  previous  to  1891 
New  Zealand.     Beports  of  Geological  Explorations.     With  Maps  and 

Sections.     Previous  to  1881 

Presbyterianism  in  the  Australian  Colonies.     8vo.     4  vols.     1846-69 
Townsville  Chamber  of  Commerce.     Annual  Beports.     1883,  1884, 

and  1885 
Wellington  (N.Z.)  Chamber  of  Commerce.     Annual  Beports.     Nos.  1 

to  14,  and  16  to  24 

Wentworth.     The  British  Settlements  in  Australasia.     2  vols.     1824 
Westmacott  (Capt.  B..  M.).     Sketches  in  Australia,  1848 
Year-book  of  Australia.      Edited  by  Edward  Greville.     1882,  1883, 

1884,  1887,  1889 
Zimmermann.     Australien,  in  Hinsicht  der   Erd-,   Menschen-   und 

Produktenkunde.     2  vols.     1810 

British  North  America — 

Ashley  (W.  J.).    Nine  Lectures  on  the  Earlier  Constitutional  History 

of  Canada.     1889 
Bibaud  (Michael).     Histoire  du  Canada  sous  la  domination  francaise 

(1837  et  1843) 

Histoire  du  Canada  et  des  Canadiens  sous  la  domination  anglaise 
Christie  (Bobert).     A  History  of  the  late  Province  of  Lower  Canada, 

Parliamentary  and  Political.     5  vols.     1848-54 
Colby  (C.  C.).     Parliamentary  Government  in  Canada.     1886 


Notices  to  FeUoivs.  273 

British  North  America  (cont.) — 

Collins  (J.  E.).     Life  and  Times  of  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald.     1883 
Dent  (J.  C.).    The  Last  Forty  Years.    Canada  since  the  Union  of  1841. 

1881 

Dent  (H.).     Story  of  the  Upper  Canadian  Rebellion.     2  vols.     1885 
Dominion   Board   of  Trade,  Proceedings   of.      From   10th   Annual 

General  Meeting  of  1880  to  date 
Edits,  Ordonnances  Royaux,  Declarations  et  Arrets  du  Conseil  d'Etat 

du  Roi  concernant  le  Canada.     1854. 
Faillon  (Abbe).     Histoire  de  la  colonie  francaise  en  Canada.     2  vols. 

1865 
Ferland  (J.  B.  A.).     Cours  d'histoire  du  Canada.      2  vols.      18C1, 

1865 
Garneau  (F.  X.).     Histoire  du  Canada  depuis  sa  decouverte  jusqu'a 

nos  jours.     1882 

Gerin-Lajoie  (A.).     Dix  ans  au  Canada,  de  1840  a  1850.     1888 
Gunn  (Hon.  D.).     History  of  Manitoba.     1880 
Hamilton  (J.  C.).     The  Prairie  Province.     1876 
Hincks  (Sir  Francis).     Reminiscences  of  his  Public  Life.     1884 
Kingsford  (Dr.).     The  Early  Bibliography  of  Ontario 
Kirby  (William).     Le  Chien  d'Or.     A  Legend  of  Quebec.     1877 
Lareau  (Edmond).      Histoire  du  droit  canadien  depuis  les  origines 

de  la  colonie  jusqu'a  nos  jours.     2  vols.     1888 
Le  Moine  (J.  M.).     Quebec,  Past  and  Present.     1608-1876 
Lesperance  (John).    The  Bastonnais.     Tale  of  the  American  Invasion 

of  Canada  in  1775-6.     1877 

Letters  of  "  Veritas."     1815.     (Hon.  John  Richardson) 
Letters  of  "  Nerva."     (Mr.  Justice  Gale) 
Lindsey  (Charles).     Life  and  Times  of  W.  Lyon  Mackenzie,  with  an 

account  of  the  Canadian  Rebellion  of  1837.     2  vols.     1863 
Lovell's   History  of  the  Dominion   of  Canada  and  other   Parts  of 

British  America.     1876 

Macpherson  (Col.  J.  P.).     Life  of  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald.     1892 
Morgan  (H.  J.).     Sketches  of  Celebrated  Canadians 
Morgan  (H.  J.).     Bibliotheca  Canadensis 

Rattray  (W.  J.)-     The  Scot  in  British  North  America.     2  vols.     1881 
Statements   of  the   Home  and  Foreign  Trade  of  the  Dominion  of 

Canada;   also  Annual  Report  of  the   Commerce   of  Montreal. 

1874  to  date 
Sullivan  (D.  A.  0.).      Government  in  Canada ;  the  Principles  and 

Institutions  of  our  Federal  and  Provincial  Constitutions.     1887 
Tuttle  (C.  R.).     Our  North  Land  :  being  a  full  Account  of  the  Cana- 
dian North-West  and  Hudson's  Bay  Route.     1885 
Toronto  Public  Library.     Second  Report 

Watson  (S.  J.).     The  Powers  of  Canadian  Parliaments.     1880 
Winnipeg  Board  of  Trade.    Annual  Reports,  1  to  5 


274  Notices  to  Fellows. 

British  North  America  (cont.) — 

"Withrow  (W.  A.).    A  popular  History  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 

from  the  discovery  of  America  to  the  present  time.     1888 
Year-book  of  Canada.     1874  to  date 
Cape  Colony,  Natal,  &c. — 

Among  the  Palms.     By  Rev.  Mr.  Brown 

Cape   Monthly  Magazine.    Vol.   III.   (1858),  Nos.   13,  16,  and  17. 

Vol.  VII.  (1860),  No.  40.    Vol.  VIII.  (1860),  No.  46.    Vol.  IX. 

(1861),  Nos.  50,  51,  52.     Vol.  XI.  (1862),  No.  66 
Eastern  Province  Monthly  Magazine.     Vol.   I.    (1856),  March   and 

April.    Vol.  II.  (1856),  October.    January,  February,  and  May 

(1857) 
West  Indies — 

Amphlett  (John).     Under  a  Tropical  Sky 

Barbados  Agricultural  Gazette  and  Planters'  Journal.    All  previous 

to  May  1887,  and  March  and  June  1890 
Desultory  Sketches  and  Tales  of  Barbados.     1840 
Grisebach  (Dr.).     Flora  of  the  British  West  India  Islands 
Hancock  (John).     Climate,  Soil,  and  Productions  of  British  Guiana 
General — 

Geographical  Magazine.     Edited  by  Clements  R.  Markham.    Vols.  I., 

II.,  III.     1874,  1875,  1876 

Meteorological  Magazine.    Vols.  I.  to  XVII.     1865-82 
Reports  of  Emigration  Commissioners.     1849 
Simmond's  Colonial  Magazine.     Vols.  I.-IV.     1844-5 
United  States  Consular  Reports.     Nos.  1,  40,  54,  56,  103,  106,  110, 

111,  113,  116,  117,  119,  121,  123,  126,  131,  132,  135 

Societies  (United  Kingdom) — 

Royal  Geographical  Society,  Journal  of.     Vols.  3,  7,  10-22 
Royal  Geographical  Society,  Proceedings  of.     Vols.  I.-XI. 
Royal  United  Service  Institution,  Journal  of.     Vols.  I.  to  XIII. 
Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain.    Notices  of  the  Proceedings  at 

the  Meetings  of  the  Members.     Vol.  VI. 
Society  of  Arts,  Journal  of.     Vols.  I.  to  XVI. 
Royal  Statistical  Society,  Journal  of.     Vols.  I.  to  XXXVI. 
Victoria  Institute,  Journal  of  Transaction's  of  the.    Vols.  III.,  IV., 

and  V.     1869-72 
East  India  Association,  Journal  of.    Vol.  II.  Nos.  2  and  3.    Vol.  III. 

No.  2.     Vol.  IV.    Vol.  V.  No.  2 

Institute  of  Bankers,  Journal  of  the.     Vols.  I.  to  IV.      1880-83) 
Royal  Colonial  Institute,  Proceedings  of  the.     Vols.  II.,  III.,  IV.,  V., 

VI.,  VII. 
Royal  Engineers  Institute,  Chatham.     Occasional  Papers  of  the  Corps 

of  Royal  Engineers.    Vol.  I.  Parts  1  and  4.    Vol.  II.  Part  6  and 

Index.    Vol.  IV.  all  except  Part  12 


Notices  to  Fellows.  275 

Societies  (United  Kingdom)  (cont.)— 

Boyal  Engineers  Institute,   Chatham.      Vol.  I.  Nos.  1  and  4  and 

Index.     Vol.  II.  No.  6  and  Index 
Boyal  Society.     Transactions.     1834  (Part  1),  and  1835  to  1851 

Societies  (Colonial)— 

New  South  Wales— 

Boyal  Society  of  New  South  Wales.     Transactions  and  Proceedings. 

Vols.  I.  to  VIII.     (1866-74) 
Philosophical  Society  of  New  South  Wales.     Transactions.     Previous 

to  1862 
Australian  Philosophical  Society  Proceedings.     1850-56 

Victoria — 

Bankers' Institute  of  Australasia.  (Bankers' Magazine.)  August  1886 
to  August  1887.  December  1887  to  October  1889.  January 
1890  to  March  1890.  May  1890  to  March  1891.  June  1891  to 
December  1891.  May  and  June  1892 

Boyal  Society  of  Victoria.  Vols.  V.,  VII.,  Part  1.  Vol.  VIII.  (1868) 
and  Vol.  X.  to  Vol.  XXI.  1870-85 

Zoological  and  Acclimatisation  Society  of  Victoria.  Previous  to  Vol. 
IV.  (of  1875),  and  from  Vol.  V. 

Philosophical  Institute  of  Victoria.  Vols.  I.  and  II.  (1856  7). 
Vol.  IV.  Part  1,  1858 

Victoria  Institute.     Transactions  and  Proceedings.     1854-5 

Philosophical  Society  of  Victoria.    Transactions.    1855 

South  Australia — 

Boyal  Society  of  South  Australia.    Transactions  and  Proceedings  of 

the    late    Adelaide    Philosophical    Society.      All   previous    to 

1877-8 
Boyal  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Society  of  South  Australia, 

Proceedings.    Previous  to  1868 

Tasmania— 

Boyal  Society  of.    Papers  and  Proceedings,     1860,  1861,  1862,  1863, 

1864,  1870,  1871 
Launceston  Mechanics'  Institute.    Annual  Beports.   Previous  to  1 882 

British  North  America — 

The  Canadian  Journal  of  Industry,  Science,  and  Art.  Conducted  by 
the  Canadian  Institute.  Nos.  5  (1856),  7  (1857),  25,  26,  27,  30 
(1860),  33  (1861),  49  (1864),  and  60  (1865) 

Ceylon— 

Boyal  Asiatic  Society  (Ceylon  Branch).  Journals  and  Proceedings. 
Vol.  III.  No.  10,  1856-8.  No.  11,  1858-9.  No. -12,  1860-61. 


276  Notices  to  Fellows 

Societies  (Colonial)  (cont.) — 

Ceylon  (cont.) — 

Vol.  IV.  No.  14,  1867-70.  Vol.  V.  No.  16,  1870-71.  Vol.  VI. 
No.  21,  1880.  No.  22,  1880.  Vol.  VII.  No.  23,  1881.  Proceed- 
ings.  January  25,  1882,  to  December  22,  1882 


PAELIAMENTARY  PUBLICATIONS. 

New  South  Wales- 
Government  Gazette.    No.  410  of  Vol.  II.  1888.    Index  to  Vol.  I. 

January  and  February  1890 
New  Zealand — 

Appendices  to  the  Journals  of  the  House  of  Representatives.     Vol. 

II.  1873 

Statutes  of  New  Zealand.     1864,  1873,  1874 
Victoria — 

Government  Gazette.     Vol.  LXXV.  Nos.  2,  55,  57.     1888 
South  Australia — 

Government  Gazette.     Vol.  II.  (1887),  Nos.  1  to  47.     Vol.  I.  (1889), 

Nos.  18,  29,  30 
Queensland- 
Government  Gazette.     Vol.  XLIII.  No.  33.      1888.     Vol.   XLIV. 
No.   19.     1888.      Vol.  XLV.  No.   112.     1888.     Vol.  XLVIII. 
Nos.  25  ar^l  28.     1889 
Votes  and  Proceedings  of  the  Legislative  Assembly.     1865-7,  1870, 

1872-6  and  1881 
Tasmania — 

Hobart  Gazette.     January  to  June  1889 
Cape  Of  Good  Hope- 
Government  Gazette.     Previous  to  September  1887 
Votes  and  Proceedings  of  Parliament,  and  Appendices.     1861,  1867, 
1869,  1871-4 

Straits  Settlements- 
Proceedings  of  the  Legislative  Council.    1886 
Government  Gazette.     Nos.  58  and  61.     1889 

British  Guiana- 
Minutes  of  the  Court  of  Policy.     Previous  to  1860,  and  January  to 
March  1861.    January  to  March  1862.   October  to  December  1863 

Trinidad — 

Ordinances,    All  previous  to  1888 


Notices  to  Fellows.  277 

British  Honduras- 
Government  Gazette.     Nos.  34,  35,  37,  38.     1888 

Bahamas- 
Votes  of  the  House  of  Assembly.     1871-8 
Votes  of  the  Legislative  Council.     1883,  1884 

Manitoba- 
Statutes  of  the  Province  of  Manitoba.     1886 
Manitoba  Gazette.     Nos.  10  and  24  of  Vol.  XVII.     1889 

Sierra  Leone — 

Sierra  Leone  Royal  Gazette.     Nos.  139,  140  (1881) ,     Nos.  146,  149 
(1882).     Nos.  194,  195  (1885).      No.  225  (1888). 


APPOINTMENTS   TO   THE   COUNCIL. 

Subject  to  confirmation  by  the  Fellows  at  the  next  Annual 
Meeting,  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  K.G.,  has  been 
appointed  a  Vice-President ;  and  George  S.  Mackenzie,  Esq.  (the 
First  Administrator  of  British  East  Africa  at  Mombasa),  a  Coun- 
cillor. 


ARRANGEMENTS   FOR   THE    SESSION. 

The  following  Papers  will,  amongst  others,  be  read  during  the 
present  session  : — 

February  13.  General  Sir  George  Chesney,  K.C.B.,  C.S.I.,  C.LE.,  M.P., 
will  read  a  Paper  on  the  Defence  of  the  British  Empire.  Sir  Henry 
E.  G.  Bulwer,  G.C.M.G.,  will  preside. 

Subsequent   meetings   will  be  held   on   the   following  dates  :— 
March  13,  April  10,  May  8,  June  19. 


USE  OF  COUNCIL  ROOM  FOR  CONFERENCES. 

Subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Council,  the  Council  Room  will 
be  available  for  Conferences  on  subjects  of  general  Colonial  interest, 
when  not  otherwise  engaged.  Applications  should  be  addressed  to 
the  Secretary,  explaining  in  each  case  the  object  in  view,  it  being 
understood  that  the  use  of  the  room  cannot  be  granted  for  party- 
political,  religious,  or  company-promoting  purposes. 

VOL.  xxv. — 3.  Y 


i 


278  Notices  to  Fellows. 


LATE   OPENING   OF   THE   INSTITUTE. 

In  deference  to  the  wishes  of  some  of  the  Fellows,  the  Institute 
has  been  kept  open,  for  a  period  of  six  months,  from  10  A.M.  to 
10  P.M.,  instead  of  from  10  A.M.  to  G  P.M.  as  hitherto.  A  gradual 
improvement  in  the  evening  attendance  has  taken  place,  and  the 
Council  have  in  consequence  decided  to  continue  the  experiment 
until  June  80  next,  in  the  hope  that  the  facilities  thus  afforded 
will  be  more  generally  availed  of  as  they  become  better  known. 


INFORMAL   SOCIAL  MEETINGS. 

At  the  suggestion  of  several  Fellows  of  the  Institute  it  is  pro- 
posed to  hold  informal  meetings  in  the  Smoking  Room  on  Wednes- 
day evenings  at  8  o'clock,  for  the  discussion,  in  a  conversational 
way,  of  Colonial,  literary,  and  social  subjects. 

A  notice  will  be  posted  in  the  Hall  of  the  Institute  each  week 
announcing  the  subject  to  be  brought  under  discussion  on  the  Wed- 
nesday evening  next  ensuing,  and  the  name  of  its  introducer. 


CHANGES   OF  ADDRESS. 

Fellows  of  the  Institute  are  particularly  requested  to  notify  all 
changes  in  their  addresses  to  the  Secretary,  so  that  the  Journal  and 
other  communications  may  be  forwarded  without  delay. 


COLONIAL  NEWSPAPERS   AT    THE   BRITISH  MUSEUM. 

Any  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  who  wishes  to  consult  the 
back  files  of  Colonial  newspapers  which  are  regularly  presented  by  the 
Institute  to  the  British  Museum  should  apply  in  the  first  instance  at  the 
office  of  the  Principal  Librarian  of  the  Museum,  where  he  may  obtain  an 
order  for  the  Newspaper  Room  on  presentation  of  his  card.  Should  he 
require  a  ticket  for  any  length  of  time,  he  can  obtain,  at  the  Principal 
Librarian's  office,  a  more  permanent  form  of  admission  on  producing  a 
letter  of  recommendation  from  the  Secretary  of  this  Institute. 


Advertisements. 


The  finest  tribute  ever  accorded  to  sterling  merit  is  contained  in  the  Lancet  of 
August  8,  1891,  pages  307-8,  which  embodies  the  "  Report  of  the  Lancet  Special 
Commission  on  Natural  Mineral  Waters."  "  Johannis" — the  subject  of  the 
Report — being  selected  from  amongst  the  Natural  Mineral  Waters  of  the  world  as 
alone  worthy  of  this  unprecedented  distinction. 


CONTRACTORS    TO 

The  House  of  Commons ;  Venice  in  London,  1892 ; 

the  Imperial  Institute. 
The  London  and  North- Western,  Midland,  Great  Western  and 

South-Eastern  Railway  Companies. 
The  Cunard,  White  Star,  P.  &  0.,  Donald  Currie  and  Union 

Steamship  Companies. 

The  Gordon  Hotels  (Grand  and  Metropole),  and  all  principal 
Railway  and  Steamship  Cos.  Hotels,  Clubs  and  Restaurants. 


THE   KING   OF  NATURAL  TABLE  WATERS. 

F.O.B.    LONDON. 

Bottles,  22s.  per  Case  of  50.    Half-Bottles,  35s.  per  Case  of  100. 
Quarter  Bottles,  25s.  per  Case  of  100. 


The  XanCCt  says  :  —  "  Mixes  well  with  wines  and  spirits,  the  peculiar  softness  which 
the  natural  gas  lends  to  th3  taste  rendering  it  admirably  adapted  for  the 
purpose." 

says:  —  "  '  JOHAXNIS'  is  a  palatable  water  of  the  highest  degree  of  purity, 
It  is  perfectly  adapted  for  ordinary  drinking  purposes,  and  abroad,  English 
visitors  and  residents  should  insist  on  having  'Johannis'  water,  thereby 
avoiding  all  risk  of  typhoid  fever." 

3faiC  says:—  "  If  you  want  a  good  wholesome  table  water,  try  '  JOHANNIS.' 
If  you  have  tried  it,  you  do  not  want  a  good  wholesome  table  water,  for  you 
will  have  had  it." 


!?0rfc  IbCralfc  says  :  —  li  Delicious  table  waters." 


For  copy  of  the  " Lancet"  Report,  Extracts  from  Testimonials, 
Price  List,  Samples,  &c.>  apply— 

LONDON  -    -  25,  REGENT  STREET,  S.W. 

BRUSSELS    -  Messrs.  W,  &  A,  GILBEY'S  AGENCY,  2,  RUE  DE  LOXUM. 

NEW  YORK  -  Messrs.  H.  P.  FINLAY  &  CO.,  50,  BROAD  STREET. 


Advertisements. 


BANK  OF  BRITISH  COLUMBIA 

(Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter), 
eO     LOMBARD      STREET,     E.C. 

CAPITAL,   £600,000    IN    30,000    SHARES    OF    £20    EACH. 

With  Power  to  Increase  to  £2,000,000. 
Reserve  Fund       £270,000. 

COURT    OF    DIRECTORS. 


SIB  ROBERT  GILLESPIE,  Chairman. 
JAMES  ANDERSON,  ESQ. 
CONSTANTINE  W.  BENSON,  ESQ. 


T.  G.  GILLESPIE.  ESQ. 

GUY  OSWALD  SMITH,  ESQ. 

SIR  OH  AS.  T  UPPER,  BART.,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B. 


General  Manager :  HUGH  HUGHES,  ESQ.  Bankers  :  MESSRS.  SMITH,  PAYNE,  &  SMITHS. 

BRANCHES. 

VICTORIA,  NEW  WESTMINSTER,  NANAIMO,  KAMLOOPS,  VANCOUVER  and  NELSON  (KOOTENAY 
LAKE)  (B.C.),  SAN  FRANCISCO  (GAL.),  PORTLAND  (OREGON),  SEATTLE  AND   TACOMA  (PUGET 

SOUND),  WASHINGTON. 

AGENTS. 


IN  ENGLAND. 

NATIONAL  PROVINCIAL  BANK  OF  ENGLAND. 
NORTH  AND  SOUTH  WALKS  BANK,  LIVERPOOL. 


BANK  OF  LIVERPOOL. 

THE   MANCHESTER  AND   LIVERPOOL   DISTRICT 
BANKING  Co.,  LIMITEP,  MANCHESTER. 


IN  SCOTLAND. 

BRITISH  LINEN  COMPANY  BANK. 


AGENTS  OF  THE  MERCHANTS'  BANK  OF  CANADA. 

IN  CANADA. 
CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE. 


IN  CHICAGO.— FIRST  NATIONAL  BANK  OF  CHICAGO. 

The  Bank  grants  Drafts  and  Letters  of  Credit  on  its  Branches  at  Victoria,  New  Westminster,  Nanaimo 
Kamloops,  Vancouver,  and  NeUon,  in  British  Columbia ;  San  Francisco,  in  California  ;  and  Portland, 
in  Oregon :  Seattle  and  Tacoma,  Washington ;  and  similar  Ci'edits  are  granted  by  the  British  Linen 
Company  Bank,  by  the  North  and  South  Wales  Bank  in  Liverpool,  by  the  Bank  of  Liverpool,  and  by 
the  Manchester  and  Liverpool  District  Banking  Co.,  Limited,  Manchester. 

The  Bank  also  purchases  or  forwards  for  collection  Drafts  on  the  above  places. 

Deposits  received  for  fixed  periods  at  rates  to  be  ascertained  on  application. 

The  Trustees,  Executors,  and  Agency  Company,  Limited, 

ESTABLISHED  1878.]   _        MELBOTJRIVE.  [ESTABLISHED  1878. 

CAPITAL. 

Subscribed  Liability £300,000 

Paid-up £60,000 

Reserves  and  Undivided  Profits £116,961 

DIRECTORS. 

JOHN  BENN,  ESQ.,  Chairman.  \    R.  MURRAY  SMITH,  ESQ.,  C.M.G. 

F.  E.  GODFREY,  ESQ.  |    JOHN  GRICE,  ESQ. 

C.  M.  OFFICER,  ESQ. 

Specially  empowered  to  act  as  Executor,  Trustee,  or  Attorney  under  power,  and  to  obtain  Adminis- 
tration as  Nominee  of  Executors  or  Next-of-Kin. 

The  Company,  unlike  an  individual,  never  dies,  becomes  incapacitated,  or  leaves  the  Colony. 
JAS.  BORROWMAN,  Manager. 

FREDK.  A.  LANG,  Assistant  Manager,  412  Collins  Street,  Melbourne. 
London  Agents.— Messrs.  ST.  BARBE  SLADEN  &  WING,  Solicitors,  1  Delahay  Street,  Westminster. 

ESTABLISHED    1872. 


Tc.DA1      Incorporated  Accountants,    : 

9    QUEEN     ST.,    MELBOURNE,    AUSTRALIA, 

INVITE  CORRESPONDENCE  UPON  ALL  MATTERS  CONNECTED  WITH 

FINANCIAL,  COMMERCIAL  &  PASTORAL  Interests 

ASSOCIATED   WITH   THE   AUSTRALIAN   COLONIES. 

LONDON    OFFICE:    LEADENHALL  BUILDINGS,  1  LEADENHALL  ST.,  E.C. 

CABLE  ADDRESS  :  "  FLACK."  MELBOURNE. 

CODES:  ABC  (4th  EDITION),  AND  Al, 


Advertisements. 


in 


ESTABLISHED    A.D.    1774. 


SHAND,  MASON  &  CO. 

MAKERS  OF 

STEAI  and  MANUAL 

FIRE 
ENGINES 


NEW  "DOUBLE  VERTICAL"  STEAM  FIRE  ENGINE  FOR  THE 

METROPOLITAN  FIRE  BRIGADE. 

31  out  of  the    51    Steam    Fire   Engines  in    use 

by  this  Brigade  have  been  constructed 

by  Shand,  Mason  &,  Co. 


TO   THE 

METROPOLITAN   (LONDON) 
FIRE    BRIGADE, 

H.M.  Admiralty,  War  Department, 

Board  of  Trade,  Council  of  India, 

the  Principal  Colonial  and  Foreign 

Governments,  and    leading   Fire 

Organisations  in  all  parts  of 

the  world. 


Write  for  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE  of  FIRE  APPARATUS  FOR  COLONIAL  USE. 


76  UPPER  GROUND  STREET, 

BLACKFRIARS  ROAD, 


LONDON. 


HOTEL  METROPOLE 

THIS    MAGNIFICENT    HOTEL, 


SITUATED  IN 


NORTHUMBERLAND    AVENUE, 

TRAFALGAR  SQUARE, 

IS  arranged  and  furnished  to  afford  Kesidents  every  convenience  and  comfort. 
In  addition  to  a  large  number  of  Single  and  Double  Bedrooms,  and  Bedrooms 
with  Bath  Room  and  Lavatory  attached,  there  are  elegant  Suites  of  Private  Apart- 
ments. The  position  is  Central,  the  arrangements  are  complete,  the  Public  Rooms 
magnificent,  and  the  Charges  Moderate.  The  general  organisation  enables  the  pro- 
prietors to  provide  the  highest  class  Banquets,  Dinners,  and  Wedding  Breakfasts, 
for  which  some  of  the  most  luxurious  Suites  of  Rooms  in  Europe  are  available. 

THE    GORDON    HOTELS    ARE: 

Grand  Hotel,  London ;  Hotel  Metropole,  and  Whitehall  Rooms,  London ;  Hotel  Vic- 
toria, London  ;  First  Avenue  Hotel,  London  ;  Hotel  Metropole,  and  Clarence  Rooms, 
Brighton ;  Burlington  Hotel,  Eastbourne ;  Royal  Pier  Hotel,  Ryde,  Isle  of  Wight ; 
Cliftonville  Hotel,  Margate ;  Hotel  Metropole,  Monte  Carlo;  Hotel  M6tropole,  Cannes 


iv  Advertisements. 


SPECIAL    ADVANTAGES    TO    PRIVATE    INSURERS. 

THE     IMPERIAL 

INSURANCE   COMPANY   LIMITED. 


Head  Office:   1   OLD   BROAD   STREET. 
Branches:   22   PALL   MALL   and   47   CHANCERY   LANE,  LONDON. 

ESTABLISHED    1803. 

Subscribed  Capital,  £1,200,000.         Paid-up  Capital,  £300,000. 
Invested  Assets  (Capital  and  Reserves),  £1,600,000. 

DIRECTORS. 


ALEXANDER,  JAMES  DALISON,  ESQ. 
ASHTON,  RICHARD  JAMES,  ESQ. 
BARCLAY,  CHARLES,  ESQ. 
BEVAN,  FRANCIS  AUGUSTUS,  ESQ. 
BOSANQUET,  PERCIVAL,  ESQ. 
BRAND,  JAMES,  ESQ. 
CHAMBERS,  Sin  GEORGE  HENRY. 
FARQUHAR,  SIR  HORACE  B.  T.,  BART. 


HALE,  JOHN  HAMPTON,  ESQ. 

HILL,  JOHN  SHERIFF,  ESQ. 

HUTH,  EDWARD,  ESQ. 

LAWRIE,  ALEX.,  ESQ. 

LIDDERDALE,  FRANCIS  FREDK    ESQ. 

MURDOCH,  0.  TOWNSHEND,  ESQ. 

NEWMAN,  THOMAS  HOLDSWORTH,  ESQ. 

ROBERTS,  Sm  OWEN. 


SMITH,  MARTIN  RIDLEY,  ESQ. 
TWINING,  RICHARD,  ESQ. 


FIELD,  GEORGE  HANBURY,  ESQ. 
GILLIAT,  JOHN  SAUNDERS,  ESQ.,  M.P. 

AUDITORS. 

BEOK,  R.  0.  ADAMS,  ESQ.  I       PRESCOTT,  HENRY  WARNER,  ESQ. 

NEWMAN,  ROBERT  LYDSTON,  ESQ.  |       RUGGE-PRICE,  SIR  CHARLES,  BART. 

GENERAL    MANAGER— E.  COZENS  SMITH,  ESQ. 

Insurances  against  Fire  on  every  description  of  Property  at  Home,  in  Foreign  Countries,  and 
in  the  Colonies. 

Moderate  Rates,  Undoubted  Security,  Prompt  and  Liberal  Settlement  of  Claims. 

Loss  or  Damage  by  Gas  Explosion  and  Lightning  made  good.  No  Charge  for  either 
Policy  or  Stamp.  The  usual  Commission  allowed  to  Merchants  and  Brokers  effecting  Foreign  and  Ship 
Insurance!?. 

ALLIANCE  ASSURANCE  COMPANY, 

ESTABLISHED    IN    1824. 

CAPITAL         £5,000,000. 

Head   Office:    BARTHOLOMEW    LANE,    LONDON,    E.G. 

DIRECTORS. 

THE  EIGHT  HON.  LORD  EOTHSCHILD,  Chairman. 


JAMES  ALEXANDER,  ESQ. 
CHARLES  GEORGE  BARNETT,  ESQ. 
CHARLES  EDWARD  BARNETT,  ESQ. 
RIGHT  HON.  LORD  BATTERSEA. 
HON.  KENELM  P.  BOUVERIE. 
T.  H.  BURROUGHES,  ESQ. 
FRANCIS  WILLIAM  BUXTON,  ESQ. 
JAMES  FLETCHER,  ESQ. 


SIR  GEORGE  0.  LAMPSON,  BART. 
FRANCIS  ALFRED  LUCAS,  ESQ. 
EDWARD  HARBORD  LUSHINGTON,  ESQ. 
HUGH  COLIN  SMITH,  ESQ. 
RIGHT  HON.  LORD  STALBRIDGE. 
LIKUT.-COL.  F.  ANDERSON  STEBBING. 
SIR  CHARLES  RIVERS  WILSON,  K.O.M.G., 
O.B. 


RICHARD  HOARE,  ESQ. 

AUDITORS. 

MAJOU-GEN.  ARTHUR  E.  A.  ELLIS,  C.S.I.         I         HON.  H.  BERKELEY  PORTMAN. 
HON.  LIONEL  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD. 


Fire  Insurances  granted  at  Current  Rates. 
LIFE    DEPARTMENT. 

Moderate  Rates  of  Premium.    Large  Bonuses,  including  Intermediate  Bonuses. 

Unclaimed  Surrender  Values  applied  in  keeping  Assurances  in  force. 

Claims  paid  immediately  after  proof  of  death,  age,  and  title. 

New  Policies  free  from  all  restrictive  conditions,  Whole-world  and  Indisputable. 

LEASEHOLD    AND    SINKING     FUND    POLICIES 

Are  granted  (on  terms  which  may  be  ascertained  on  application),  enabling  Leaseholders  to  recoup  their 

expenditure  by  a  small  Annual  Premium,  or  by  a  Single  Payment  in  Advance. 
Prospectuses,  containing  full  explanation  of  the  exceptional  benefits  conferred  on  Life  Policyholders 
by  the  new  regulations  of  the  Company,  may  be  had  on  application  to 

BARTHOLOMEW  LANE,  E.G.  ROBERT  LEWIS,  Chief  Secretary. 


Advertisements. 


PERUVIAN    GUANO 


CA.S 


OHLENDORFF'S 

DISSOLVED  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 


AND   ALL 


MANURES  for  HOME  and  COLONIAL  USE. 

DOUBLE  HIGHEST  AWARD  AT  THE  CHICAGO  EXHIBITION. 

CONCENTRATED  SUPERPHOSPHATES.     SULPHATE  OF  AMMONIA. 
NITRATE  OF  SODA.  POTASH  SALTS. 


THE  ANGLO-CONTINENTAL  (LATE  OHLENDORFF'S) 
GUANO  WORKS,  LONDON  AGENCY, 

15     XjIEJk.IDIEIErELA.nilj     STZRfZEZET, 
Sole  Contractors  for  Peruvian  Guano  for  all  Countries. 

HIGHEST   AWARDS   AT   ALL    EXHIBITIONS. 


GEORGE    JENNINGS 

(CONTRACTOR  TO  H.M.  WAK  DEPARTMENT), 

HYDRAULIC        AND        SANITARY         ENGINEER, 


Works   and   Show  Rooms— Opposite  St.    Thomas's  Hospital. 

rnlnnin.1  A  <rfi«t«  •   /  JAMES   McEWAN   &   CO.,   Limited,   MELBOUBNE. 
Colonial  Agents:   {  F<   LASSETTEB  &   CO.,   Limited,   SYDNEY. 

Illustrated  Catalogues  on  application. 


COLONIAL    J3AJVK. 

Subscribed  Capital,  £2,000,000.  Paid-Up,  £600,000.  Reserve  Fund,  £150,000. 

London   Office:    13    SISHOPSGATE    STREET   WITHIN. 

Chairman— HARRY  HANKEY  DOBREE.  Deputy-Chairman— JAMES  FLETCHER. 

Secretary— EDWARD  CARPENTER.        Bankers— LLOYDS'  BANK,  LIMITED. 

Branches  and  Agencies:  Antigua,  Barbados,  Berbice,  Demerara,  Dominica,  Grenada,  Jamaica  (Kingston). 
Agencies  at  Falmouth,  St.  Ann's  Bay,  Montego  Bay,  Savanna-la-Mar,  Martinique  (Agency),  St.  Kitt's,  St.  Lucia, 
St.  Vincent,  St.  Croix,  St.  Thomas,  Trinidad  (Port  of  Spain),  and  San  Fernando  (Agency).  New  York  (Agency),  41  Wall 
Street.  Agents :  Copenhagen— The  Private  Bank  ;  Paris— Messrs.  Mallet  Freres &  Co. ;  Hamburg— Messrs.  Schroder 
&  Co. 

LETTERS  OF  CREDIT,  payable  on  demand,  are  granted  on  the  several  Establishments  in  the  Colonies,  upon 
payment  of  the  amount  at  the  London  Office. 

BILLS  are  sent  out  for  collection,  and  other  money  business  transacted  in  the  above-named  Colonies. 

TJflOR    IMMEDIATE    SALE,— £9,000  4±  per  Cent. 
Queensland     National    Bank    Deposit    Eeceipt,    and 
£6,000  4^  per  Cent.  Australian  Joint  Stock  Bank  Deposit 
Keceipt.     Price  for  both  £12,250  nett. 

Apply  ARNOLD  &  Co.,  26  Shaftesbury  Avenue,  W. 


Advertisements. 


STEWARD'S 

BINOCULAR 
FIELD,   MARINE, 


AND 


THE    DUKE    BINOCULAR,  £6. 6s. 

IN   SLING   CASE. 

The  best  and  most  powerful  glass  made 

for    Field    and    Marine    use    and    long 

distance  Shooting,  &c. 


RACE     GLASSES 

ARE 

Renowned  for  their  fine  definition,  good 
power,  and  large  field  of  view. 

PRICES    FROM 

£1.  Is.  to  £12.  12s. 


A  PERFECT 

ANEROID 

BAROMETER 


STEWARD'S 

VERNIER  SURVEYING  ANEROID. 

For  Exploring,  Military,  and  other  Work. 
Reading  to  every  5  feet  of  Altitude  up  to  u.ooo  feet. 


This  is  specially  constructed  so  that  each  1,000 
feet  are  the  same  length  on  the  dial,  and  the  scale 
of  inches  increasing  in  length  instead  of  decreasing 
as  usual.  The  works  are  compensated  and  of  finest 
quality,  so  that  there  is  no  play  in  the  hands. 

£8.  8s. 


TESTIMONIAL. 

DEAR  SIR,  ATLANTA  :  July  1890. 

I  am  sending  yon  a  draft  for  another  Vernier 
Aneroid  and  a  .Labbez  Telemeter  with  Telescopic 
power.  I  like  the  instruments  very  much.  The 
Aneroid  is  the  best  I  have  seen. 

Yours,  F.  W.  SPENCER,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  F.G.S. 
State  Geologist  of  Georgia,  U.S.A. 


Steward's  Vernier  Aneroid. 


ILLUSTRATED    CATALOGUES    gratis,   post 
free  Cask  for  Parts  1,  2,  and  6.) 


©pticfan  to  tbe  :JBritteb,  Colonial,  anD  ^foreign  Governments,  ano  tbe 
National  IRifle  association  bg  Appointment, 

406  STRAND,  457  WEST  STRAND,  I.C.,  7  GRACECHDRCH  STREET,  E.C., 
LOItxTDOUST 


Advertisements. 


vn 


Eobey  "  Winding  Engine,  with  Patent  Wrought-iron 
Tank  Foundations. 

Engine  and  Boiler  can  be  supplied  for  fixing 
separately  from  each  other. 


Improved  Compound  "Robey"  Engine. 


Also  Makers  of  Patent 
Portable   and  Semi- 
Fixed  Oil  Engines. 


Improved  Hoisting   Engine. 


lOTHead  Stamp  Battery. 


Makers  of  all  descriptions  of  Pumps,  Wrought-iron  Pit  Head  Gears.  Minina  PJ»», 
and  Gold,  Silver,  Lead,  &c.,  Reduction  Machinery. 

GLOBE    "WORKSTTlNCOLN. 


viii  Advertisements. 


UNION    LINE. 

FOR  SOUTH   AFRICAN   GOLD   FIELDS  &  MASHONALAND, 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Natal,  and  East  African,  Madagascar,  and 
Mauritius  Royal  Mail  Service. 

SERVICE. 


THE  UNION   STEAMSHIP  COMPANY,  Limited. 

ESTABLISHED    1853. 

FT1HE  Royal  Mail  Steamers  of  the  Union  Steamship  Company,  Limited  (under  contract  with  the 
I       Governments  of  the  Gape  of  Good  Hope  and  Natal)  sail  from  Southampton    every  alternate 
Saturday,  calling  at  Madeira,  and  proceeding  thence  to  South  African  Ports. 

The  Intermediate  Steamers  are  despatched  from  Hamburg  fortnightly,  after  calling  at 
Rotterdam  and  Antwerp  alternately,  sailing  finally  from  Southampton  on  alternate  Saturdays, 
and  taking  Passengers  and  Goods  for  South  African  Ports  without  transhipment.  The  Inter- 
mediate Steamers  call  at  Lisbon  and  Canary  Islands,  and  at  St.  Helena  at  regular  intervals. 
Every  28  days  the  Intermediate  Steamers  proceed  to  Tamatave  (Madagascar)  and  Mauritius. 

Passengers  are  conveyed  to  Lisbon,  Madeira,  and  Canary  Islands ;  and  Passengers 
and  Goods  to  St.  Helena,  Ascension,  Cape  Town,  Mossel  Bay,  Knysna,  Port  Elizabeth 
(Algoa  Bay),  East  London,  Natal,  Delagoa  Bay,  Tamatave  (Madagascar),  and  Mauritius. 

EAST  COAST  SERVICE.     Every  six  weeks  Passengers  and  Goods  are  conveyed  to  Inhambane, 

Port  Beira  (Pungue  River),  Chinde  (Zambesi),  Quillimane  and  Mozambique. 
Return  Tickets  issued.    Surgeon  and  Stewardesses  carried. 

ELECTRIC  LIGHT,  REFRIGERATORS,  &c.    SUPERIOR  ACCOMMODATION  AND  CUISINE. 


For  Handbooks  and  all  Information  apply  to  — 

THE  UNION  STEAMSHIP  COMPANY,  Limited, 

CANUTE     ROAD,    SOUTHAMPTON; 
And  SOUTH    AFRICAN    HOUSE,  94  to  96  Bishopsgate   Street  Within,  LONDON. 


r,  r 

MOYAL    MAIL    SERVICE. 


WEEKLY    SAILINGS 


FROM    LONDON 


FOR    THE    GOLD    FIELDS      OF    SOUTH     AFRICA 
AND    MASHONALAND. 

LONDON,  SOUTHAMPTON,  MADEIRA,  GRAND  CANARY,  CAPE  COLONY,  NATAL, 
DELAGOA  BAY,  BEIRA,  MADAGASCAR  AND  MAURITIUS. 

zeoozK-Tisra-s 


THE    ROYAL    MAIL    STEAMERS    OP 

THE  CASTLE  MAIL  PACKETS  COMPANY,  LTD., 

Leave  London  every  alternate  Friday,  and  sail  from  Southampton  on  the  following  Saturday, 
with  Mails,  Passengers,  and  Cargo,  for  Cape  Colony  and  Natal,  calling  at  Madeira. 

Intermediate  Steamers  are  despatched  every  14  days  from  London  for  Cape  Colony,  Natal, 
Delagoa  Bay,  &c.,  via  Grand  Canary,  thus  forming  a  Weekly  Service  from  London. 

Passengers  and  Cargo  are  taken  every  fortnight  for  Delagoa  Bay  and  Beira  (Puugwe  River)  and 
every  four  weeks  for  Madagascar  and  Mauritius. 

Return  tickets  issued  for  ALL  PORTS.  Handbook  of  Information  for  Passengers  grati?  on 
application.  LOADING  BEKTH— East  India  Pock  Basin,  Blackwall,  E.  Free  Railway  Tickets  are  granted 
from  L9)i4<m  to  Southampton  to  Passengers  by  Royal  Mail  Steamers.  Experienced  Surgeons  and  Stewardesses 
on  eTery  Steamer.  Superior  Accommodation.  Excellent  Cuisine, 

IDOISTA-XjID     CTJ^IRIim     &     CO.,     M^^GKIS^S. 

LONDON-l,   2,   3  and  4  Fenehureh  Street,  B.C.     MANCHESTER-15   Cross  Street. 

LIVERPOOL-25  Castle  Street.      GLASGOW-40  St.  Enoch  Square. 


CARTERS'  SEEDS 

FOR    ALL     CLIMATES. 


£LXld 


INDIA.  —  Major  WARD  writes  : 
"  Last  year  a  Horticultural  Society  was 
started  here,  and  you  may  care  to  hear 
that  Carters'  Seeds  were  very  success- 
ful, being  awarded  13  First  Prizes." 


CE  YLON.— J.  R.  HOOD,  Esq.,writes : 

"  The  last  consignment  of  Plants  and 
Seeds  arrived  in  perfect  order,  the 
packing  being  everything  that  could  be 
wished  for." 


WEST  AFRICA.— The  CURATOR 
of  one  of  the  Royal  Niger  Co.'s  Plan- 
tations writes  :  "  I  have  tried  Seeds  from 
other  sources  several  times,  but  with 
very  unsatisfactory  results ;  I  am  there- 
fore highly  pleased  with  yours,  as  I 
don't  think  a  Seed  can  have  failed  to 
germinate." 

AUSTRALIA     a  IT  d 

NEW  SOUTH  WALES. -F.  RICH- 
ARDSON, Esq.,  writes:  "I  had  the 
honour,  under  heavy  competition  at 
our  District  Show,  of  carrying  off  15 
Firsts  and  I  Second,  out  of  16  Exhibits 
for  Vegetables  from  Carters'  Seeds." 


CAPE  COLONY.-S.  VAN  RENEN, 
Esq.,  writes  :  "  We  find  the  most  marked 
improvement  in  quality  of  Seeds  all 
round  that  come  from  Carters'.  The 
Petunias,  Peas,  Cauliflowers,  and  Cab- 
bages are  the  finest  ever  seen  in  these 
parts." 

NEW     ZEALAND. 

NEW  ZEALAND.-C.  M.  KYNG- 
DON,  Esq.,  writes:  "The  produce  of 
Carters'  Seeds  were  much  admired.  I 
obtained  13  First  Prizes,  a  Jubilee  Cer- 
tificate, and  2  Highly  Commended." 


Carters'  Grass,  Clover,  and  Turnip  Seeds  are  very  popular  in  these  markets. 


CANADA.  —  W.  L.  S.  WRIGHT, 
Esq.,  writes :  "At  the  Sherbrook  Agri- 
cultural Show  last  week  I  obtained  21 
Prizes — 15  being  Firsts,  the  remainder 
Seconds,  for  Flowers  and  Vegetables 
from  Carters'  Seeds.'' 


WEST     INOIES 

GRENADA.— P.  D.  BROWN,  Esq., 
writes :  "  I  have  imported  Seeds  both 
from  England  and  America,  but  I  never 
get  any  to  grow  so  luxuriantly  as  those 
I  get  from  Carters'." 


CHINA.— Dr.  F.  T.  BURGE  writes  : 
"The  Box  of  Vegetable  Seeds  from 
Carters'  turned  out  as  usual  to  my  entire 
satisfaction,  and  I  have  the  pleasure  of 
introducing  a  friend  to  your  house." 


NOVA  SCOTIA.-A.  F.  GURNEY, 
Esq.,  writes  :  "  I  have  pleasure  in  re- 
porting that  at  the  Exhibition  for  three 
Counties  held  here  last  Autumn  I  took 
the  First  Prize  for  the  best  Collection 
of  Roots  and  Vegetables." 

SOTJTM     AMERICA. 

URUGUAY.— S.  N.  NOBLE,  Esq., 
writes :  "  The  Seeds  sent  me  last  have 
given  such  good  results  that  I  do  not 
hesitate  to  send  my  order  again." 


OAPJLCT. 

JAPAN.  —  J.  RICKETTS,  Esq., 
writes :  "  The  Plants  flower  profusely 
every  season,  and  are  much  admired." 


Catalogues     mailed    free   to   any    address    on    application. 

Seedsmen  by  Royal  Warrants  to  H.M.  the  Queen  and  H.R.H.  The  Prince  of  Wales. 

HIGH  HOLBORN,  LONDON,  ENGLAND, 


J.  R.  PARKINGTON  &  CO. 

LONDON,    E.C. 

ine  ^htpra,  glptte,  ami  Iflmhants. 


A  vents  for 

DEUTZ  &  GELDERMANN'S 

"Gold  Lack'  Champagne. 

A  brand  greatly  in  favour  for  important  public  banquets, 
Regimental  and  Masonic  dinners,  and  other  festivities. 

ROPER  FRERES  &  Cie.'s 

RILLY-LA-MONTAGNE. 

Champagnes. 

(Prize  Medals,  1873  and  1874.) 

J.  DUTRENIT  &  Cie.'s 

BORDEAUX. 

Clarets  &  Sauternes. 

DUPANLOUP  &  Cie.'s 

"  Carte  Blanche  "  Champagne. 

(Prize  Medal,  1873.)  "  Mitre  "  Brand. 

VINE  GROWERS'  COY  OF  COGNAC. 

(JULES  DUBET  &  Cie). 

Brandy. 

Telegrams  &  Cablegrams  :  "  MAMBRINO,  LONDON."